Tishreen University Journal- Economic and Legal Sciences Series

Arbitration in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg, 1978)

Haidara jaber — 2024-04-08

International maritime transport represents the backbone of international trade in our current era, for many reasons, such as low costs and the ability to transport large quantities of goods at once. The United Nations Convention on the Maritime Transport of Goods of 1978, known as the Hamburg Convention, represents a qualitative shift in regulating the rules of maritime transport of goods. Among the important topics regulated by the agreement is the subject of arbitration, as it is the most important means of settling disputes related to international trade contracts, especially the contract for the maritime carriage of goods. Accordingly, this research studies the rules of the Hamburg Convention related to arbitration as a means of settling disputes related to the contract for the maritime carriage of goods.

Preventive diplomacy in accordance with the United Nations Charter (What it is and the difficulties it faces)

Nour Ali — 2024-04-08

The aim of this study was to explore the concept of preventive diplomacy within the framework of the United Nations Charter, present its main applications, discuss the challenges it faces, and identify the reasons for its failure in many cases. To achieve this, the researcher collected information related to preventive diplomacy as a peaceful means to resolve both internal and international conflicts. The study also analyzed the reasons and difficulties encountered by the United Nations in implementing this approach in order to assess its effectiveness in achieving international peace and security. The study reached several conclusions; including the fact, that effective implementation of preventive diplomacy requires a precise understanding of the facts and reasons leading to tensions and conflicts. Additionally, there are various challenges that hinder the effective application of preventive diplomacy. Despite some improvements in crisis management and tension reduction, further efforts are needed to achieve the goal of preventive diplomacy on a larger scale and with greater effectiveness.

The Impact of Corporate Characteristics on The Behavior of Asymmetric Cost

Kholoud Fares — 2024-04-08

The current study aimed to test the presence of asymmetric cost behavior, specifically sticky cost behavior or anti-sticky cost behavior. and examine the impact of firm characteristics on asymmetric cost behavior. The study population consisted of 10 companies registered in the Damascus Securities Exchange, with some companies being excluded due to the unavailability of complete required data in their published financial statements. During the period from 2007 to 2018, which was the period for which data was available during the data collection phase.

The independent variables resulting from firm characteristics, such as asset intensity and debt intensity, were measured by the ratio of fixed assets and debt to total revenue, respectively. The dependent variable, cost behavior, including administrative, selling, and general costs, was measured by the ratio of costs in the current year to costs in the previous year.

The results showed the presence of sticky cost behavior for administrative, selling, and general costs. There was a positive relationship between fixed asset intensity and sticky cost behavior. There was an inverse relationship between debt intensity and sticky cost behavior.

The effect of the transaction processing system in improving operational efficiency is one of the dimensions of operational performance (Field study in Hal Market, Lattakia)

Karam Al-Juhani — 2024-04-08

The study aimed mainly to demonstrate the impact of the transaction processing system in its dimensions (individuals, devices, software, data) in improving operational efficiency, one of the dimensions of operational performance in Al-Hal Market in Lattakia Governorate.

The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method to describe the variables of the study and analyze them based on the primary data collected by conducting a field study in the cardamom market in Lattakia, relying on a questionnaire that was designed through the researcher’s acquaintance with previous studies and literature. In order to test the hypotheses, the researcher by dumping the raw data into a database that was analyzed using SPSS version 21.

The study found a significant relationship between transaction processing systems and improving operational efficiency, one of the dimensions of operational performance in the cardamom market in Lattakia. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.648, which indicates an acceptable correlation between transaction processing systems and operational efficiency.

The study recommended the need to pay attention to transaction processing systems by paying attention to its components (individuals, devices, software, data) due to their important role in improving operational efficiency.

Documentary credit risks and guarantees

Etemad Marhi — 2024-04-08

Documentary credit is considered the most widely used technology in financing foreign trade operations due to its characteristics that guarantee the rights of contracting parties to documentary credits and is a method invented by the international community , to reduce the risk of non- implementation or mis-execution of international sales contracts , These contracts are usually concluded between people who lack trust , where the documentary credit appeared to guarantee both the seller and the buyer what it aims for in terms of protection and to pay the risks that each of them may be exposed to , although documentary credits are considered one of the most important banking operations and play an effective and vital role in the field of foreign trade this does not negate the existence of risks , whether at the level of the issuer the beneficiary , or even the bank , This research came to shed light on the most important risks that the parties to a documentary credit may be exposed to the order to open the credit , the beneficiary , the bank and to explain the guarantees that can limit and reduce these risks

The Role of Supply Chain Management in Improving Customer Service. (Field study in the International Company for Rolling Iron in Homs)

samer Kassem — 2024-04-08

The study aimed to determine the relationship between supply chain management and improving customer service in the International Iron Rolling Company in Homs, by demonstrating the role of senior management support, the participation of beneficiaries from the application of the supply chain management system, the clarity of the supply chain management system strategy, and the good selection of the supply chain management system.

The study relied on the deductive approach as a general approach to research, and followed the descriptive analytical approach, where the questionnaire was distributed to 63 employees of the International Iron Rolling Company under study, and then a field study was conducted in order to demonstrate this relationship.

The study concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between supply chain management and customer service. Then I presented a summary of the most important results that were reached, where the main and most important result was that the supply chain management relationships in the bank under study have a profound impact on customer service in all aspects, and the quality of this service can only be achieved through effective and successful management of the elements of the chain in the manner that achieve customer satisfaction.

Human resources management strategy and its impact on achieving total quality management (Field study at Tishreen University)

Madeleine Jumblatt — 2024-04-08

The study aimed to demonstrate the role of the human resources strategy in achieving total quality management at Tishreen University. A set of recommendations have been reached that can show the impact of the human resources management strategy in reaching total quality management, as well as the need to adopt the total quality at the university. The descriptive and analytical approach and the method of convergence and deduction were used as a mechanism for study, and the questionnaire was relied on as a tool for measuring and collecting data. The most important results of the study is that there is a very strong correlation and a positive impact of human resource management strategies in total quality strategies at Tishreen University.

Relationship Between International Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: The cross impact in china (1991-2016)

Samah Akel — 2024-04-08

China has sought to attract foreign direct investment flows to take advantage of the accompanying advantages, such as technology transfer, facilitating access to international markets, improving productivity and the competitiveness of local institutions, and China has been able to achieve an advanced level in the field of foreign direct investment, as it is the first developing country that is most attractive to foreign direct investment, and the second globally after the United States of America in 2012.

This paper investigates the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the foreign trade of China during the period (1994-2016). It firstly encompasses a theoretical discussion of the mutual impact of FDI and foreign trade, and then provides an analytical study of the variables, which included the development of foreign direct investment and the commodity structure of Chinese exports and imports during the studied period.

The study concludes that there is no relationship between (FDI) and foreign trade in China, the results can be explained by the fact that the incoming foreign direct investment into China was mostly directed to non-export sectors.

The role of international law in protecting the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation

Ola Nourallah — 2024-04-08

Contemporary international law is concerned with providing protection for the atmosphere, for it is one of the main factors that ensures the continuation of life on the planet and a common heritage of humanity that is passed down through generations. What is the legal nature of the atmosphere and what is the responsibility of the international community in protecting it?

It is becoming increasingly difficult to answer the previous questions in light of the tremendous technological development of our time, which has created a lot of electromagnetic radiation produced by all countries of the world and is likely to harm the atmosphere as it is affected by natural factors, especially the ultraviolet rays of the sun.

The current research attempts to discuss the role of international law in protecting the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation based on the role played by international agreements in the field of reducing gas emissions that cause damage to the atmosphere, especially the damage to the depletion of the ozone layer and the rise in temperatures that lead to climate change on the surface of the globe.

US-China trade relations between competition and cooperation

Dania Al-Nabulsi — 2024-04-08

This article examines the current trade war between the United States and China. The practical benefit of the trade war for both China and the United States is discussed, and it can be concluded that a war between the two countries, which constitute 40% of the global economy, will not achieve the results that Americans desire and can be avoided by resolving the imbalances. Structural trade and permanent and effective strategic communications, although a trade war could significantly reduce or eliminate the current account deficit of the United States. The capital account can move the current account, and capital account surpluses persist in the United States due to the country's vast capital markets and excess foreign savings inflows. It is almost impossible to hinder China's technological progress. Developing technology could increase China's overall output, especially the wages of skilled workers, which is essential to China's consumption-driven economy and is much needed. This, in turn, is extremely important for reducing China's excess savings. The Chinese government has the determination and ability to develop technology. It is worth noting that stifling China's technological progress is likely to harm the goal of trade rebalancing. The American goals of fixing the trade imbalance and stopping technological progress in China will pose a great challenge because they are counterproductive. The trade war is certainly hitting the weak Chinese economy. In order to fix the trade imbalance and end and avoid war, China must intensify economic reforms. . In the short term, it must work to prevent further devaluation of the Chinese currency and raise interest rates. The United States may need to reduce capital account surpluses by allowing and encouraging foreign central banks to accumulate a synthetic currency in place of the US dollar. It is also necessary for both countries to return to the negotiating table. Both countries must convey their "final line" accurately and interpret each other's signals correctly.

Evaluating the availability of electronic banking service quality requirements in public banks " A field study on public banks in the city of "Damascus

Nessreen Skeef — 2024-04-08

This study aimed to evaluate the availability of quality requirements for the electronic banking service provided in public banks in the city of Damascus, by studying each of the dimensions (administrative requirements, human requirements, technical requirements, financial requirements, and security and peace requirements).

The researcher relied on the descriptive approach as a general approach to research, and relied on the statistical analysis method to test the hypotheses, where she collected data through a questionnaire that was distributed to 85 items as a facilitated sample of workers in the middle and upper administrative levels in public banks, and a set of statistical methods were used. Among them is the single-sample Student test.

The researcher reached a set of results, including

Human requirements, technical requirements, and safety and security requirements are all met for the quality of electronic banking services provided in public banks in the city of Damascus.
Both the administrative and financial requirements for the quality of electronic banking services are not met in public banks in the city of Damascus.

Regional dimensions of Turkish foreign policy

Shadi Ibrahim — 2024-04-08

This research seeks to provide an analytical vision of the Turkish role in the region, considering Turkey a model of power

A rising society seeking to gain a major regional position in light of major changing international events.

This research aims to study the development in Turkish foreign policy and provide an analytical vision of the Turkish regional role in the region, in addition to studying the regional dimension of Turkish foreign policy.

The researcher reached results and recommendations, the most important of which are: Turkey has adopted a proactive policy regarding all regional issues by activating its smart power. Regional and international interactions also have an important role in opening the way for Turkish engagement in its new form within the region, including crises and wars, the necessity of strengthening regional cooperation institutions, At the regional level, to ensure the greatest amount of common interests are achieved, and to enhance the levels of mutual dependence between the countries of the region, in order to achieve the greatest degree of peaceful cooperation and keep the region away from crises and wars.

Using The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Period (ARDL) Model To Study The Impact Of Some Economic Variables On The Inflation Rate In Syria During The Period 2000-2022

Zain al Abedin Nasra — 2024-04-08

This research aims to analyze the reality of the phenomenon of inflation in Syria and measure the impact of inflation on some economic variables (the exchange rate, GDP at current prices, GDP at constant prices, average total annual household consumption expenditure and unemployment rate) in Syria during the period 2000-2022 using simple linear regression and analyzed using spss.

The research found a weak direct relationship between the inflation rate and the exchange rate, a weak direct relationship between the inflation rate and GDP at current prices, a weak inverse relationship between the inflation rate and GDP at constant prices, and a weak direct relationship between the inflation rate and average consumer spending. The annual total of the family, and there is a weak direct relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of unemployment and was the most influential.

The role of the United States of America in the African continent 2001. example) as an Africa North) 2016

Ahed Khadour — 2024-04-08

The foreign policy of the United States of America towards many countries of the world is based on the principle of command and control and an attempt to exploit everything that can be exploited, whether through geographical location or through the natural resources and wealth found therein. This is the case with North Africa, which is rich in its wealth and natural resources, where The United States worked in all political, economic, social and cultural ways In order to control it to achieve its expansionist goals there, the previous and subsequent American administrations were making big plans to control the North African region, including the administration of former American President Bush Jr., especially after the events of September 11, as well as former President Barack Obama, who took advantage of the events in the Arab region. To achieve the goals of the American administration to control it.

An Econometrics Study For The Impact Of Annual Growth Of Public Sector Spending And Unemployment Rate In Syria During The Period (1990-2020)

dania taweel — 2024-04-08

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of public spending on unemployment rate in Syria during the period from 1990 to 2020. To this end , we used The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models (ARDL). This study showed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between unemployment rate and the two indictors(growth of current and investment public sector spending). This means that divergence that can emerge in the short term can be corrected and returned to equilibrium in the long term. This study also showed in long term a scientific positive impact of growth of current public sector spending on the unemployment rate in Syria during the period studied, and unscientific negative impact of growth of investment public sector spending on the unemployment rate.

while the study showed that in short term, there is a positive effect between the value of the unemployment rate and current public spending, and the presence of a scientific negative effect for the previous two values of current public spending on the unemployment rate, and the absence of an effect for the value of the growth rate of public investment spending and the value of the unemployment rate, and the presence of a scientific negative effect for the second previous values of public investment spending and Unemployment rate.

The Effect of Knowledge Management in Job performance A Field Study in the private Commercial Banks in the Syrian Coast

hasan toffaha — 2024-04-08

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of Knowledge Management (Knowledge Generation, Knowledge Storage, Knowledge Distribution, Knowledge Applying) in Job Performance in the private commercial banks in the Syrian coast. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general approach to research. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of 117 employees at all administrative levels in a number of private commercial banks in the Syrian coast (105 valid questionnaire for statistical analysis). And the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) in conducting statistics and testing research hypothesis. the research found several results, the most important of them: that the degree of applying of knowledge management by private commercial banks in the Syrian coast is moderate, and that the level of job performance of employees is moderate, and there is a positive significant effect for the knowledge management in job performance.

The impact of bank profitability on the degree of banking security (Case study of Bemo Saudi Fransi Bank, which is listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange)

Yasmin Al-Sharif — 2024-04-08

The study aimed primarily to demonstrate the impact of profitability (rate of return on assets and rate of return on equity) on the banking security of Bemo Bank listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange in Syria.

The researcher used the deductive approach to test the impact of profitability (rate of return on assets and rate of return on equity) on banking security in the bank under study in Syria. In order to conduct the practical study and test the research hypothesis, the researcher used a survey research design and a secondary data tool on private banks. Financial data was collected from the selected banks, such as return on equity and total assets.

As for statistical methods: the SPSS program (20) was used to prove or deny the hypothesis of the research. A significance level of 5% was used, that is, testing hypotheses at a confidence level of 95%.

The study reached results including: There is a statistically significant effect of the rate of return on assets on the banking security of BIMO Bank listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange in Syria. There is a statistically significant effect of the rate of return on equity on the banking security of BIMO Bank listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange. In Syria, there is no statistically significant effect of profitability on the banking security of Bemo Bank listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange in Syria.

Measuring the extent of the Independence of the Central Bank of Syria in responding to changes in GDP and inflation Using the Taylor Curve Function

hayyan aburahhal — 2024-04-08

Central bank independence is one of the most important factors that contribute to achieving monetary and financial stability. When a central bank is independent, it is able to make monetary decisions without interference from the government or any other entities. This study aims to measuring the extent of the Independence of the Central Bank of Syria in responding to changes in GDP and inflation Using the Taylor Curve Function. The study used historical data from the period 2002 to 2021. The statistical work methodology included descriptive analysis and graphs of the function variables, followed by testing their stability and explaining the variance inflation factor, up to estimating the function using the ARDL methodology and verifying the quality of the model. The study concluded that the coefficients of inflation and economic growth are not significant in the Taylor equation to test the independence of the Central Bank of Syria, i.e., not enjoying independence overall. The value of the interest rate sensitivity coefficient to GDP (-0.1783) is less than the expected value (1). The value of the interest rate sensitivity coefficient to inflation (-0.0063) is also smaller than the expected value (0). These results indicate that the Central Bank of Syria does not enjoy sufficient independence to act in accordance with its monetary objectives without being affected by political or economic pressures. The study recommends that it is necessary to strengthen the independence of the Central Bank of Syria by stabilizing the political and economic conditions in Syria, preventing government interference in the work of the bank, following a more flexible and transparent monetary policy, and conducting an analysis of the impact of all factors that affect on the independence of the Central Bank of Syria.