Latakia University Journal - Economic and Legal Sciences Series

The role of digital diplomacy in the foreign policy of countries

ramadan alhoushi — 2025-02-18

Digital diplomacy is a modern topic in the international and diplomatic arena, which emerged as a result of technical and technological progress, and the information and communications revolution, as digital diplomacy relies on technical and technological means to interact on the international arena.

The research addresses the role of digital diplomacy in the foreign policy of countries, by studying the nature of diplomacy at the level of concepts that emerged after technical and technological progress, studying the nature of digital diplomacy and its tools, and addressing the experiences of some countries in the field of digital diplomacy.

The research relies on the descriptive analytical approach, and the descriptive approach is based on describing and analyzing the nature of digital diplomacy. The research reached results and recommendations, the most important of which are: The state's strength is estimated not only in relying on traditional forms of power from natural resources and military capabilities, but the technical and technological aspect has become a form of state power, establishing special training centers in the field of digital diplomacy and interest in artificial intelligence technologies.

The legal validity of unsigned electronic writing

mohammad shaker — 2025-02-18

In light of the search for the legal validity of unsigned electronic writing as a means of proving electronic transactions in the relationship between electronic participants, this research addresses the study of the legal validity of unsigned electronic writing in Syrian electronic transaction law and some comparative laws. It does so by discussing the nature of unsigned electronic writing and defining its concept, clearly outlining its definition and the necessary conditions to be considered electronic writing. Additionally, it determines its legal nature in some Arab and Western comparative laws, examining whether it is equivalent to traditional writing in its evidential strength or whether it possesses specific characteristics and individual provisions.

The research also assesses whether this unsigned electronic writing is considered a principle of proof by writing or a legal presumption, by discussing the concept of the principle of proof by writing as mentioned in general rules, and clarifying its availability in unsigned electronic writing. Furthermore, it delineates the concept of legal presumption as one of the traditional evidential methods, and whether the provisions of legal presumption apply to unsigned electronic writing.

The study concludes with a summary that highlights the most significant findings and recommendations. It suggests amending Article 2 of the Electronic Transactions Law No. 3 of 2014 so that unsigned electronic writing functions as a principle of proof by writing and does not possess the validity of a legal presumption. This is because granting it the strength of legal presumption would render it a means of proof for every obligation that may be proven by personal evidence, which raises significant concerns if the document is issued by someone other than the individual against whom it is intended to be invoked.

Moreover, it recommends establishing the National Authority for Network Services, as stipulated in the Electronic Signature Law No. 4 of 2009, to be responsible not only for granting electronic certification to prove the identity of the electronic signature to a natural or legal person but also to grant the same certificate to prove the identity of electronic writing issued by the same person, in line with other comparative legislations.

inflation targeting(study of brazilian case 1990-2024)

mais Musallam — 2025-02-18

Inflation has become one of the most important problems facing monetary policies at the present time and in many countries of the world, especially after World War II. In a relatively recent step to solve this problem and its economic consequences, there has been a trend towards applying inflation targeting since the nineties of the twentieth century. In this research, the researcher presents a presentation of the concept of inflation targeting, including its definition, requirements for application, reasons for its application, and the negatives and positives of this policy. She also presents Brazil's experience in applying the inflation targeting policy in an attempt to present the practical concept of this policy and benefit from it.

The descriptive analytical method was used for the most important information mentioned in Arabic and foreign books and references, articles and periodicals issued in the field of research.

Reports and accounts issued by global data centers such as UNCTAD and the World Bank were also reviewed to collect the necessary data for the study.

The researcher reached results that confirm the success of Brazil's experience in applying inflation targeting and achieving the desired goals of curbing and stabilizing the inflation rate and maintaining the economic growth rate and economic stability.

The Impact of Inflation Rate on Public Expenditure in Syria

Ghaith Ismaiel — 2025-02-18

The inflation rate is one of the biggest economic challenges facing the Syrian economy, and it has had a significant impact on all aspects of the economy. Public spending, both investment and consumption, is one of the most important components of the general budget and one of the main fiscal policy tools of the state that aims to implement its economic and social policy. government consumption expenditure reflects the effectiveness of fiscal policy and the extent of its influence and contribution to economic activity and the development of the state. Therefore, this research aims to study the impact of the inflation rate on the state's public spending, both investment and consumption. In this study, we also try to focus on the impact of government consumption expenditure on economic growth, as it is one of the indicators with a wide resonance in most comparisons between the levels of economic performance of countries, and evaluating this impact on the effectiveness of the fiscal policies followed, as well as evaluating government expenditure in light of the high inflation rate.

and shows the extent of development of the local economy during the study period. The effectiveness of fiscal policy on the national economy was also estimated, and the research concluded that there is a significant relationship between the inflation rate and the state's public spending, and that an increase in the inflation rate of 1% will result in an increase of (5610) times in public spending. The results of this research help in understanding the economic challenges facing fiscal policies in Syria.

The role of human resources management in activating administrative control (A case study of Lattakia textile company)

tala mahmoud — 2025-02-18

The research aimed to study the role of human resources management dimensions (selection and appointment, training) in activating administrative control in Lattakia textile company.

The researcher relied on the case study methodology, and carried out a comprehensive survey of the research community, and (130) questionnaires were distributed, and the number of questionnaires that were unloaded was (100) questionnaires, and the researcher analyzed the data using the (SPSS 25) program.

The research found a very strong correlation between the dimensions of human resources management and the activation of administrative control in the company in question, and the most important recommendations were: the need to develop accurate criteria for selecting employees, cooperating with universities and educational institutions to attract young competencies, designing effective training programs, spreading the culture of transparency and accountability more widely, and promoting the principle of “control is everyone’s responsibility.”

Modelling and Forecasting of Brent Crude Oil Price Volatility

Nairouz Ismail — 2025-02-18

This paper aims at providing an in-depth analysis of forecasting ability of different GARCH models and finding the best GARCH model for Value at Risk (VaR) estimation for Brent crude oil. Analysis of VaR forecasting performance of different GARCH models is done using both Kupiecs test and Christoffersens test. Also, Backtesting VaR Loss Function. Sharp oil price changes delay business investment because they raise uncertainty thus reducing aggregate output. Continued development and improvement of models used in analyzing prices improve forecasting accuracy which in turns leads to better costs and revenue prediction by businesses. This paper uses Brent Crude Oil prices data over a period of ten years from the year 2014 to 2024. The study finds that the IGARCH with T-distribution model is the best model out of the four models for VaR estimation based on LR.uc and LR.cc Statistics which are the least among the values realized. ME and RMSE for the four models used for forecasting have negligible difference. However, the IGARCH model stands out with IGARCH T-distribution being the best out of the four models we used. We therefore conclude that the IGARCH with T-distribution model is the best model out of the four models used in this study for forecasting Brent crude oil price volatility as well as for VaR estimations

Evaluation of the availability of digital leadership in Banias Oil Refinery Company (Case Study)

Norma Salamah — 2025-02-18

The research aimed to evaluate the availability of digital leadership in its dimensions: innovation, persuasion, and knowledge, by surveying of the opinions of managers those at Baniyas Oil Refinery Company.

The researcher relied on the case study approach to describe the variables of the study. The research community included all employees at the administrative levels in the company under study. The number of employees who responded to the researcher was (186) administrators. The researcher distributed (186) questionnaires. (175) valid questionnaires were retrieved. For statistical analysis, the response rate was (94.08%).

The results showed that the company suffers from a deficiency in terms of its promotion of innovation and adoption of new ideas, in addition to a deficiency in the company’s management studied in the ability to convince employees of the importance of technological development and digital transformation. It also showed a weak availability of opportunities within the company to develop digital leadership skills.

Evaluating the Accounting Graduates According to the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS).

آلاء علي — 2025-02-18

This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which accounting graduates meet the requirements of the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) and the requirements of the labor market, from the perspective of employers in Lattakia Governorate.

To achieve the study objective, a questionnaire was used as a tool to collect primary data, and divided into three sections, the first to know the demographic information of the respondents, the second to know the extent to which accounting education outcomes meet the requirements of the National Academic Reference Standards, and the third section to know the extent to which accounting graduates meet the requirements of the labor market. The questionnaire was distributed to the study community consisting of companies, establishments, and private banks operating in Lattakia Governorate. Responses were obtained from 54 companies, and then the data was analyzed using SPSS-24.

The study reached the following results: Accounting graduates meet the skills of knowledge, understanding, and mental standards contained in the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS), Accounting graduates do not meet the professional, practical, generic and transferable skills set out in the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS), Accounting graduates do not meet the requirements of the labor market from the perspective of employers.

Investigating the impact of the K-means clustering algorithm on SVM model performance in the task of predicting the exchange rate of the Syrian pound

hozaifa kasso — 2025-02-18

This research investigates the impact of the K-means clustering algorithm on the performance of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model in predicting the exchange rate of the Syrian Pound against the US dollar. This study holds significant relevance given the substantial fluctuations observed in the Syrian Pound's exchange rate and its direct impact on the Syrian economy. The study utilizes daily time-series data for the exchange rate, spanning from the beginning of 2015 to mid-February 2024, comprising 3333 observations. SPSS26, RStudio, and Orange Data Mining were employed for data analysis and algorithm implementation.

The K-means algorithm was initially applied to cluster the data. Results indicated the algorithm's success in classifying the data into two statistically distinct clusters, suggesting underlying patterns within the exchange rate data. Subsequently, the SVM algorithm was applied to predict the exchange rate, first without utilizing K-means as a preprocessing step and then with its inclusion. The findings demonstrated a notable improvement in the SVM model's performance when K-means was employed as a preprocessing step. Specifically, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) decreased by 47.23%, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) decreased by 27.28%, and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) decreased by 18.21%. Conversely, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) increased by 31.81%. However, a substantial increase in the coefficient of determination (R²) by 52.32% indicates a significant improvement in the model's ability to explain the variance in the data. Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating K-means as a preprocessing step to enhance SVM performance in exchange rate prediction. Furthermore, it recommends future research encompassing longer time periods and employing advanced analytical techniques such as deep learning.

The Role of Marketing Knowledge Management processes in improving Customer Relationship Management (CRM) A Field Study on Call Centers in Hama Governorate

aml ali — 2025-02-18

The research aimed to study the role of marketing knowledge management processes, which include (generation, storage, and sharing) of marketing knowledge, in improving customer relationship management in call centers. Both the deductive approach and the descriptive analytical method were relied upon as the general research methodology. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to an easy sample (consisting of 200, with 196 valid questionnaires returned for statistical analysis) of workers at the upper and middle administrative levels and customer service departments in number of call centers affiliated with the Hama branch of the Syrian Telecommunications Company. The researcher used the SPSS statistical program to conduct statistical description and test the research hypotheses. The study concluded that there is a moderate positive significant impact of marketing knowledge management processes on customer relationship management in the call centers included in the research. The research concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing knowledge management (MKM) processes in improving customer relationship management (CRM).

Tourism Competitiveness And Sector Development In Arab Countries A Study For The Period 2011-2023

Tarafa Shuraiki — 2025-02-18

This research aims to assess the competitiveness of the tourism sector in Arab countries and identify the factors influencing this competitiveness. The Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) was used as the primary tool to analyse the performance of Arab countries in this field. The research findings revealed significant variation in the level of competitiveness among Arab countries, with some nations, such as the Gulf states, achieving outstanding performance supported by substantial investments in tourism infrastructure and product diversification. On the other hand, other countries faced significant challenges, including political and economic instability and a lack of accurate data. This study seeks to provide an explanation of tourism sector competitiveness in Arab countries and to identify the main factors affecting this competition. It also offers recommendations to enhance tourism competitiveness in the region, such as diversifying tourism products, investing in technology, promoting environmental sustainability, and encouraging regional cooperation.

The Asymmetric Effects of Inflation and Unemployment on Economic Growth in Syria Using the NARDL Approach

رولى شفيق اسماعيل — 2025-02-18

This research aims to analyze the asymmetric effects of unemployment (UEM) and inflation (INF) on economic growth (EG) in Syria during the period 1990-2022 using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. Annual data was utilized, and the model was designed to examine the impact of positive and negative shocks of the independent variables on economic growth while analyzing both long- and short-term relationships. The methodology included selecting the best-fitting model using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), estimating the long-term equation by incorporating the effects of positive and negative shocks of both unemployment and inflation, and conducting a bounds test to verify the presence of cointegration among the variables. Shock analysis was also employed to investigate the evolution of variable impacts over time.The results of the long-term equation revealed that negative shocks in unemployment (declining unemployment) significantly enhance economic growth, with a coefficient of -2.205 at a high level of significance (0.0005). In contrast, positive shocks (rising unemployment) exert a stronger negative impact, with a coefficient of -3.283. Regarding inflation, positive shocks demonstrated a weak positive effect on economic growth, with a coefficient of 0.066 at a significance level of 0.0431, while negative shocks had a more pronounced negative impact, with a coefficient of -0.185 at a significance level of 0.0045. The study recommends implementing economic policies aimed at sustainably reducing unemployment rates and enhancing price stability to mitigate the adverse effects of inflation. Additionally, it emphasizes improving the mechanisms by which the economy responds to unexpected economic shocks.

The Impact Of Social Responsibility In Attracting Customers in Islamic Banks

أنس المملوك — 2025-02-18

Business organizations are currently witnessing intense competition in attracting customers and gaining their loyalty. To achieve this, many leading banks are working to adopt the philosophy of social responsibility until this is achieved because attracting customers is an important factor to face competition as a result of modern customer-focused trends. This study aimed to identify the extent to which social responsibility in its dimensions (ethical responsibility, charitable responsibility, and responsibility towards the environment) affects attracting customers in its dimensions, and also aimed to study the relationship between them.

This study targeted a sample of 55 customers of the cham Islamic bank. 49 questionnaires were retrieved. The study used the analytical descriptive approach, and the questionnaire was the main data collection tool to test hypotheses and answer the study's questions.

The subjects were tested using the statistical analysis program SPSS.21 with a response rate of (89.09%). The study found that there is a partial positive impact of social responsibility on attracting customers. The study also showed a positive relationship between social responsibility and attracting customers. The study recommended the need to adopt the philosophy of social responsibility within its marketing plans, focusing on the dimensions of ethical and legal responsibility. These programs are scientific work programs so that companies can evaluate them and measure their return. It also recommends the need to work to build a community and institutional culture to enhance knowledge of social responsibility and increase The phrase: social responsibility, attracting custom.

The Role of Intellectual Capital in Organizational Innovation (A Field study on Industrial Organizations in Latakia Governorate)

rami mohammed — 2025-02-18

The aim of this research is to determine the role of intellectual capital in organizational innovation in industrial organizations in Latakia Governorate by determining the relationship between the dimensions of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital, relational capital) and organizational innovation in a sample of industrial organizations in Latakia Governoratee.

The researcher relied on the deductive approach as a general method of thinking and the descriptive analytical method as a general approach to research. The researcher designed a questionnaire as a tool for collecting primary data. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample consisting of (115) workers in the organizations sampled for the study. (109) questionnaires were retrieved and there were (103) questionnaires valid for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis program (SPSS25) was relied upon for data analysis.

the research reached a set of results, the most important of which were: There is a significant relationship between intellectual capital and organizational innovation for workers in industrial organizations in Latakia Governorate. The industrial organizations in the study sample possess intellectual capital to a moderate degree, and the level of organizational innovation is a moderate in the organizations in in Latakia Governorate.

The Impact of International Marketing on Export Performance “A Field Study on Companies Exporting Agricultural Products on the Syrian Coast”

Asser Suleiman — 2025-02-18

The main objective of this research was to study and analyze the impact of international marketing with its marketing mix elements (international product, international pricing, international distribution, international promotion) on export performance in companies exporting agricultural products on the Syrian coast.

The researcher used the descriptive analytical method. The researcher distributed (320) questionnaires to a purposive sample of managers, workers, and human cadre members working in all companies exporting agricultural products operating on the Syrian coast and from all administrative levels (higher, middle, lower). All of the distributed questionnaires were retrieved. And (8) questionnaires were excluded because their data were not complete, so the number of questionnaires that were completed was (312). The researcher analyzed the data using statistical analysis software (SPSS 25).

At the end of this research, the researcher reached a set of results, the most important of which is: There is a statistically significant effect of international marketing with the elements of its marketing mix (international product, international pricing, international distribution, international promotion) on the export performance of the companies under study. Working to seek assistance from specialized international centers of expertise to design international marketing policies and strategies in the companies under study when needed, paying attention to training employees of the marketing department in the companies under study on the skills of designing and implementing international marketing strategies, activating the role of marketing information systems in the companies under study, ensuring the provision of all Information related to the status of international markets, their marketing environment, consumer tastes and desires, and marketing policies and strategies followed by competing companies.

The Impact Of Sustainable Development Practices In Enhancing The Sustainable Competitive Advantage Of Industrial Companies (Case study of the Syrian General Company for Glass and Ceramic Industries)

mozafar AYassin — 2025-02-18

The study aimed to determine the impact of sustainable development practices (environmental dimension, economic dimension, social dimension) in enhancing the sustainable competitive advantage of industrial companies.

The descriptive approach was used to describe and analyze the research variables based on the primary data that was collected, as the researcher distributed a questionnaire to employees of the General Company for Glass and Ceramic Industries in Syria to collect the necessary primary data, and in order to test the hypotheses, the researcher entered the primary data into a database that was analyzed using SPSS version /21/.

The study concluded that: The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and the independent variables was a good value with a coefficient of determination value (0.753) and a modified coefficient of determination value (0.741), meaning that the independent variables explain 74.1% of the variance in the sustainable competitive advantage, and the results of the ANOVA analysis to test the significance of the regression showed that the value of sig (0.00) is less than 0.01...

The impact of climate change on the water security index in the Syrian Arab Republic

Lama ALkhatib — 2025-02-18

The aim of this research is to study the impact of climate changes on one of the most important environmental indicators of sustainable development is the water security index (water safety limit, which is the average per capita share of renewable fresh water), during the period (2021-1990), the researcher measured climate changes in this research through annual data for both temperatures and rainfall, as the most important indicators expressing the climate situation, and water resources and achieving the water safety limit is one of the most important environmental indicators for sustainable development, as water is one of the most affected natural resources by the repercussions of climate change, water is an economic, social and environmental commodity, but it is characterized by The most important of these factors at the present time are the effects of climate change, and because Syria suffers from a deficit in its water balance, it was necessary to study the impact of climate change on the water security index to provide a practical guide that can be adopted in developing a preparedness plan to face the repercussions of climate change. In order to achieve the research objective and measure the effects of climate changes on the water security index, the stability of the study variables was studied, their structural changes were identified, and a model was built to measure the impact of climate changes on the water security index. the research found that there is a significant impact of climate changes represented by temperatures and rainfall on the water security index. the research recommended working on developing a preparedness plan to face the repercussions of climate changes and their effects on the water security index in Syria, and the establishment of an accurate information Bank for data related to climate and water changes in order to allow monitoring the developments of these two variables over the years.

Islamic Banks Commitment to Risk Information

Ahmad Khaizaran — 2025-02-18

The research addresses the commitment of Islamic banks to disclose the risks accompanying their investment operations, highlighting the importance of this obligation as part of risk management and the protection of investors' rights. The study defines the concept of the obligation to disclose, emphasizing the absence of a clear legislative definition in Syrian laws, and explores the legal foundations based on general rules in civil law, consumer protection laws, and the legislative decree specific to Islamic banks.

The scope of the obligation revolves around the types of risks that must be disclosed, such as credit abuse risks, transferable commercial risks, and risks associated with financing structures like Mudarabah, Murabaha, and Musharakah. The research also examines the temporal scope of this obligation, noting that it is not limited to the pre-contract period but extends throughout the duration of the contract, reinforcing the principle of periodic and continuous disclosure.

The study provides a comparison of banking regulations in Syria, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates, highlighting Malaysia and the UAE's advanced mechanisms for risk disclosure and stringent penalties for violations. This underscores the need for Syrian legislation to develop its legal framework in this domain.

Among the key findings of the research is the absence of a clear legislative definition of the obligation to disclose in Syrian law. Additionally, it stresses the necessity of establishing clear legislative oversight and adopting modern technologies to enhance transparency. The study recommends implementing legal mechanisms to ensure good faith and improving local practices based on international experiences, contributing to increased customer trust in Islamic banks.

Evaluating The Level of Strategic Thinking Among Administrative Employees in the Banking Sector A Field Study in Traditional Private Bank Branches in Lattakia Governorate

Zainab Hossam El-Din — 2025-02-18

The research aimed to determine the level of strategic thinking among administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate, specifically focusing on its dimensions: comprehensiveness of thinking, timely thinking, hypothesis orientation, and strategic intent.

A descriptive analytical research methodology was employed, with the research population comprising all administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate, totaling 76 individuals. A questionnaire was distributed to all members of the population, resulting in a response rate of 89.47%.

The research relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting information, as it was designed by the researcher after reviewing the different concepts of strategic thinking and its dimensions, then verifying its validity and reliability.

The results indicated that the level of strategic thinking among administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate was at a moderate level, with a relative importance of 67.4%. Regarding the sub-dimensions, the results were ranked as follows in descending order: strategic intent, hypothesis orientation, comprehensiveness of thinking, and timely thinking.

The research recommends that employees should be trained on strategic thinking tools and methods such as SWOT, PESTEL, and value chain to analyze the bank’s internal and external environment, and to use techniques such as brainstorming and the six hats technique to stimulate creativity and generate new ideas.

Role Of Organizational Flexibility In Achieving Entreprenurial Orientation The Field Study At Tishreen University

رائد شارد — 2025-02-18

The research aims to shed light on the concept of organizational flexibility and the concept of entrepreneurial orientation and to demonstrate the role of organizational flexibility in achieving entrepreneurial orientation at Tishreen University. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach. In the theoretical section, the researcher touched on the concept of organizational flexibility and its importance, and the concept of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions. In the practical section, a questionnaire consisting of (25) statements was designed, and (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: There is a significant relationship between organizational flexibility and entrepreneurial orientation in the subject of the study.

The Impact Of Regulatory Genes On Crisis Management (A Field Study In Public Companies For Engineering Industries In Damascus And Its Countryside)

ammar ibrahem — 2025-02-18

The study aimed to identify the impact of regulatory genes on crisis management in public companies for engineering industries in Damascus and its countryside. The descriptive analytical approach and review of relevant literature were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.

The results showed a lack of knowledge among managers about the concept of regulatory genes, which negatively affects their ability to realize their importance during crises. The study also found a significant impact of regulatory genes (such as decision-making rights, organizational structure, information, and incentives) on the effectiveness of crisis management.

Based on these results, the study recommended organizing workshops and training courses to raise managers' awareness of the importance of regulatory genes. It is also recommended to develop comprehensive crisis management strategies that include monitoring crisis indicators and predicting risks, and forming specialized teams capable of dealing with crises. Documenting lessons learned and improving performance by benefiting from the experiences of other companies is essential.

Electronic Management and its Role in Improving the Performance of Employees (A Field Study at Tishreen University _ Accommodation of University)

Laylan Mohammad — 2025-02-18

The study aimed to determine the role of Electronic Management In improving the performance of employees at Tishreen University _ university accommodation; by determining the relationship between E- management dimensions that represented by (hardware, software, communication networks, databases) and the performance of employees in the institution under study, The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general research approach. The researcher distributed questionnaires to (104) employees in the University City _ Tishreen University, (84) questionnaires were recovered, excluded /7/ questionnaires, and (77) were valid for analysis, then the data were analyzed by using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). the researcher reached: The interest of the senior management in the city of Student's Residence under study to an acceptable extent to electronic management that used in administrative work and to improve the level of performance of its employees. The study concluded that there is a direct and significant correlation between e-management and the performance of employees; and E-management also contributes significantly to facilitating the process of communication between different departments, and in the process of control and follow-up and the speed of completion of work, in addition to the significant impact of E-management on the performance of employees at Tishreen University-University City. The most important recommendations of the research were; increase the interest of the institution under study in E- management and its various elements, and the establishment of specialized training courses in the use of technology for employees, in addition to work by the institution under study to provide all the necessary material, financial, human and technical capabilities; to support the use of this modern management in all administrative work, and the services provided by educational institutions in the field of administrative work.

The Role Of The Principle Of Proportionality In Protecting Civilians During Armed Conflicts: An Analytical And Applied Study

Nidal Alou — 2025-02-18

The principle of proportionality is one of the fundamental pillars of international humanitarian law. It aims to minimize harm caused by military operations to civilians in proportion to the anticipated military advantage, thereby reinforcing humanitarian commitment in armed conflicts. This principle underpins numerous rules of this law. Despite its significance, the principle has not received the attention in research and study that its crucial position in this law demands.

The principle of proportionality is based on the core idea of avoiding excessive use of violence and force in certain situations. It imposes limits on states to ensure their actions are acceptable and not excessive, thereby preserving numerous humanitarian considerations and providing a high degree of protection that would otherwise be unattainable without this principle. Social, moral, and religious considerations have played a major role in the emergence of this principle.

Modern literature highlights the importance of re-evaluating the application of the principle of proportionality in contemporary armed conflicts. Studies indicate that the principle requires clearer standards in light of technological advancements in military operations.

At its inception, this principle emerged as religious and ethical rules imposed by peoples and nations on their own fighters. Due to the value of these rules within the cultures of nations, they became part of customary international law governing armed conflicts. Subsequently, the principle was incorporated into numerous international charters and agreements as an integral part of international humanitarian law.

This study addresses the principle of proportionality as a cornerstone of international humanitarian law, clarifying its role in protecting civilians during armed conflicts. The focus is on its legal foundations, applications, and practical challenges in the context of contemporary conflicts.

Analytical study of the relationship between investment and trading volume in the Damascus Securities Exchange

Salem Salem — 2025-02-18

The aim of the research was to study the relationship between public and private investment and the trading volume of companies listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange, with the presence of controlling variables such as the inflation rate and the exchange rate, during the period from 1/1/2010 to 12/1/2021.

The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used. A descriptive analysis of the data was conducted using descriptive statistics to understand the distribution of the data and identify the presence of extreme values. The stationarity of the variables was then tested using unit root tests (Phillips-Perron) to ensure the validity of the ARDL model. The ARDL model was then estimated and the long- and short-term relationships between investment, inflation rate, exchange rate, and trading volume were evaluated.

The research results showed a statistically significant relationship between investment and trading volume in the Damascus Stock Exchange, but this relationship is complex and multifaceted. The negative impact of private investment may be due to the increase in mergers and acquisitions as a result of the growth of private investment, which reduces the number of listed companies and thus the trading volume. Also, companies may resort to loans instead of increasing capital by offering new shares. The weak positive impact of public investment: is explained by the government's role in improving the infrastructure and creating a more attractive investment environment, which is positively reflected in trading activity in the market. However, the weakness of this impact indicates the existence of other factors that have a greater influence on investors' decisions and limit the effectiveness of public investment in stimulating trading.

The Impact Of Asset And Liability Management On The Profitability Of Private Banks (An Applied Study On Private Traditional Banks Operating In Syria)

manar abo al dahab — 2025-02-18

The research aims to clarify the concept of asset and liability management and its reality in traditional private banks, and to show the impact of asset and liability management indicators in traditional banks on the profitability of traditional private banks operating in Syria. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and the financial reports disclosed in the Damascus Stock Exchange and published on its website (financial ratios and statistics) were relied upon, and the annual data from 2010 to 2023 were adopted. Among the most important results reached by the research: There is no significant effect of the ownership ratio and the liquidity ratio in the rate of return on assets in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria, and there is a negative significant effect for each of the ratio of net facilities to total deposits (employment rate) and the debt rate and the ratio of shareholders' equity to total deposits in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria, while there is a positive significant effect for the ratio of net facilities to total assets in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria.

Agricultural food industries Reality and development prospects by benefiting from the Malaysian experience

kefah jakmouk — 2025-02-18

The experience of Southeast Asian countries has attracted global attention, as these nations transitioned from being among the poorest in the world to being classified as industrial countries. Despite the crisis they faced since mid-1996, these countries achieved high growth rates, managed to attract investments, and increased their exports, creating job opportunities and boosting their GDP. Among these countries is Malaysia, which focused on education, openness to the global market, and the use of advanced technology. While it adopted a policy of import substitution and provided necessary protection for its national industries, the success of these industries was contingent upon meeting certain economic standards.

Given the importance of industry and its role in economic growth, this research examines the reality of agro-food industries, the challenges they face, and potential solutions for their development to enhance their contribution to the GDP. Additionally, the study explores Malaysia’s reliance on industrial development as a cornerstone of its economic progress and investigates the feasibility of utilizing this experience to advance agro-food industries and achieve food security.

This research addresses the agro-food industries in Syria, shedding light on the current situation, challenges, and future opportunities. It emphasizes the significance of this sector in achieving food security and fostering economic development while analyzing the difficulties associated with weak infrastructure, low product quality, and limited competitiveness. Furthermore, it reviews Malaysia’s successful experience in industrialization and export, highlighting its pioneering strategies such as attracting foreign investments, improving infrastructure, and promoting industries with comparative advantages. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study aims to offer practical solutions to stimulate Syria’s agro-food industries, proposing plans to enhance production efficiency, utilize local resources, and diversify exports to achieve sustainable competitiveness.

International Legal Protection for the Climate: A Critical Analysis of the Kyoto and Paris Agreements and Implementation Mechanisms

صالح هلال — 2025-02-18

The world is witnessing increasing impacts of climate change caused by industrial activities and greenhouse gas emissions, threatening ecological balance and negatively affecting human and other life forms. This research explores the international legal framework for climate protection, providing an in-depth analysis of key international agreements such as the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. The study focuses on evaluating the legal provisions of these agreements and their efficiency in compelling countries, especially major industrial nations, to reduce emissions and adhere to sustainable development.

The significance of this research lies in identifying the shortcomings of agreed international enforcement mechanisms and the weak integration between national and international legislation, which hinders the achievement of climate objectives. The study also examines the role of international organizations, such as the UN Security Council, in addressing climate change as a threat to global peace and security, and the role of international courts in promoting state accountability for climate pollution.

The findings highlight that while international agreements provide a robust legal framework, they lack clear and effective binding mechanisms. The study recommends the establishment of a specialized international agency to monitor climate commitments and enhance international cooperation. It also advocates for amending withdrawal clauses in agreements to ensure continuity of obligations.

This research makes a significant contribution to understanding the legal challenges of climate protection and emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive and binding legal approach to achieve long-term environmental sustainability.