Latakia University Journal - Economic and Legal Sciences Series

Evaluating the reality of expert systems in the General Company of Latakia Port

ghadeer mahfoud — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to evaluate the reality of expert systems in their dimensions: hardware, software, and those dealing with the expert system, by surveying the opinions of those concerned in the General Company for the Port of Latakia

The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the research community included employees at senior administrative levels and executive directors in the company studied. The research sample was a soft sample of (200) administrative members. The researcher distributed (200) questionnaires, and (175) were retrieved. A questionnaire suitable for statistical analysis, with a response rate of (87.5%).

The results showed there is0 expert systems in all their dimensions: hardware, software, and those dealing with the expert system in the company under study is a weak reality.

Using Analytical study of the impact of internal factors on the performance of industrial companies

fadelah farousi — 2025-01-17

The research aims to study the internal factors affecting the financial performance of industrial companies, and also through building a model that can evaluate the performance of companies, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses in the performance of industrial companies and what are the factors affecting the performance of industrial companies in Lattakia Governorate after clarifying their importance theoretically, and knowing which of these factors may cause a change in performance. The descriptive analytical approach was applied and a questionnaire was designed directed to employees of industrial companies in Lattakia Governorate aimed at measuring the impact of internal factors on the performance of industrial companies through descriptive analysis of variables and multiple regression, and 526 questionnaires were obtained that can be analyzed. The following results were reached: There is a convergence in the evaluation of the financial performance of industrial companies, as there was a positive evaluation of profitability, liquidity, and financial structure, there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect of the employee system on profitability, while the administrative style did not have an effect on profitability, and it was proven that there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect for the employee system and administrative style on liquidity, as well as there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect for the employee system on the financial structure, while the administrative style did not have an effect on the financial structure.

The Role of Viral Marketing in Brand Selection A Field Study on Cellular Device Consumers in Latakia Governorate

wajeh alahmad — 2025-01-17

يهدف البحث إلى تحديد دور التسويق الفيروسي في اختيار العلامة التجارية ذات الهواتف المستهلكة في محافظة اللاذقية من خلال شدة (مواقع التواصل، الحملات التسويقية، الحوافز الاجتماعية)، وذلك من خلال استطلاع رأي مبتكر للهواتف المستهلكة في محافظة اللاذقية.

بالنسبة للمستثمرين على المسار الوصفي التحليلي، وشمل مجتمع البحث مستهلكي الأجهزة المصنعة في محافظة اللاذقية، أما آرت البحث فهي فعالة ميسرة مكونة من 150 فرداً، حيث وزعت باحثاً 150 استبانة، تم استرداد 134 استبانة منها صالحة للتحليل بنسبة 89%. لقد نجحت في صناعة وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، حيث أصبحت تعتمد بشكل أساسي على توجهات المستهلكين، حيث تمكنهم من تصور العلامات والمساهمة في بناء صورة ذهنية معينة، كما تعد أدوات تسويقية فعالة لجذب المستهلكين والإعلانات وتفاعلهم مع العلامات التجارية وتحفيزهم على الشراء، كما تتعلم التحفيز جسديًا بشكل جيد. في القيمة الغذائية المدركة للعلامة التجارية وتحفيز قرار الشراء. بمعنى آخر، هناك علامة كبيرة للتسويق الفيروسي بأبعاده (مواقع التواصل، الحمل التسويقي، التحفيز الجسدي) في اختيار لاستهلاك الهواتف الخلوية في محافظة اللاذقية.

Assessing the extent to which the future labor market needs traditional outputs from the higher education sector In a frame Proposed roadmap for the knowledge-based economy in the Syrian Arab Republic (A field study in the government banking sector)

shiraz traboulsie — 2025-01-17

The research started from the ambitious strategy of the Syrian Arab Republic for the year 2030 to reach a knowledge-based economy, and the survey addressed one of its pillars related to education and the acquisition of knowledge and skills. Accordingly, the study revolved around the following research question: Is the labor market, according to the new data, capable of consuming the traditional outputs of the higher education sector?

The research concluded that the skills proposed to be included in the curricula according to the National Plan for Higher Education for the year 2010 are insufficient and do not meet the future needs of the local market according to the specific vision. Accordingly, one of the most important proposals was: rebuilding the curricula of the entire educational system according to the superior skills required by the Fourth Industrial Revolution to reach The desired economy.

Using the right to veto in the United Nations Security Council.

sahar tiba — 2025-01-17

This research examines a topic considered one of the most important contemporary issues for all countries worldwide. The topic is the veto power on decisions of the United Nations Security Council, granted to the five permanent member states. According to this power, the objection of any of these five states is enough to reject a decision without giving any reasons. In reality, the use of this right carries negative consequences, as it has become a means of interfering in the affairs of countries on one hand, and a means of obstructing the implementation of international decisions condemning a state's aggression against another state, and avoiding these decisions on the other hand. This constitutes a direct violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations itself.

The research will address the following main topics: an introduction to the United Nations Security Council, including its establishment, composition, powers, and working methods, as well as its subsidiary bodies and voting procedures. The second topic will define the veto power and its international perception, identify some of the problems it raises within the United Nations Security Council, and finally, present some proposals that could help mitigate the negative aspects of exercising this right.

The role of the judge in providing evidence in international commercial arbitration

Abdullatif ghazal — 2025-01-17

Arbitration plays a pivotal role in the field of international trade, due to its many advantages that have made it a haven for resolving disputes related to international trade. However, arbitration still lacks the element of coercion and obligation when the issue is related to providing evidence or forcing the parties to facilitate access to it. In this case, the arbitration body must resort to the competent judiciary to assist it in forcing one of the parties or others to provide evidence and thus provide the sound basis on which the arbitrator will build his decision. This research will address the issue of the role assigned to the judge in providing evidence to the arbitration body by examining the most important means of proof in which this role is manifested, which are testimony and expertise.

Assessing of Graduate Students’ Utilization of AI Tools in Scientific Research A Survey at Tishreen University

Maher Merhej — 2025-01-17

This research aimed to explore the most important artificial intelligence tools that can be used to enhance researchers' capabilities in scientific research and to examine the reality of their usage by graduate students at Tishreen University. The researcher adopted the experimental approach through testing these tools, and the survey method, organizing a questionnaire distributed to 351 graduate students at Tishreen University. Of these, 342 responses were received, with 128 questionnaires deemed unsuitable for analysis, while the number of valid questionnaires for analysis was 214. The research community consisted of 4,031 graduate students, according to the statistics of the Directorate of Statistics and Planning for the academic year 2022-2023. Appropriate statistical tests, such as the one-sample Student’s t-test, were used, and SPSS was relied upon as a tool for data analysis.

The main conclusion was that there are motivations for graduate students to use AI tools due to their ability to search for, summarize, translate, formulate, and extract ideas from scientific articles with high quality. The researcher recommended the need to provide training programs to train students on how to use these tools and how to generate texts from them and rephrase them in the researcher’s own style, along with ensuring the availability of plagiarism detection software capable of identifying AI-generated text.

The Impact of Digital Transformation of Public Services on Economic Growth A Comparative Study

Tarafa Shuraiki — 2025-01-17

This study aims to assess the impact of digital transformation, specifically e-government development, on economic growth in three countries: Estonia, India, and Rwanda. Using data on the E-Government Development Index and Gross Domestic Product for these countries, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between the two variables. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the E-Government Development Index and GDP in both Estonia and Rwanda, while no such relationship was found in India. These differences were explained based on several factors, including digital infrastructure, population size and geographic diversity, political will, digital literacy and skills, and socio-economic challenges. This study seeks to provide insights into the factors that influence the success of digital transformation and promote economic growth.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior Level Scale For Administrative Employees At Tishreen University A Comparative Study Between The Faculty Of Economics And The Faculty Of Arts And Humanities

lina habra — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to determine the level of organizational citizenship behavior with its dimensions (altruism, civility, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, and civilized behavior) among administrative workers in the Faculties of Economics and Arts at Tishreen University, and to make a comparison among them at the level of these dimensions. The research adopted the descriptive approach, and the research community included all administrative workers in the Faculties of Economics and Arts and Humanities at Tishreen University, who numbered (260) male and female workers, including (133) male and female workers in the Faculty of Economics, and (127) male and female workers in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The researcher adopted the comprehensive inventory method, and the questionnaire (research tool) was distributed to all administrative workers, and (233) complete questionnaires were retrieved and suitable for statistical analysis, including (121) questionnaires from the College of Economics, and (112) questionnaires from the College of Arts, and a percentage Response amounted to .(89.62%)

The research results showed that the level of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among administrative staff in the Faculties of Economics and Arts at Tishreen University was high. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the means of the responses of administrative staff in the two faculties regarding the level of OCB in general and in terms of the sub-dimensions (altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, and civic behavior).

The research presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: Encourage open communication and dialogue between management and employees.

Create a work environment that values and rewards OCB. Focus on teamwork and cooperation between different departments. Provide opportunities for participation in decision-making. Spread a culture of appreciation and recognition of efforts.

Interaction and participation of the work teams and their role in improving the efficiency of the outputs of agricultural research centers in the General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research A field study on the Scientific Agricultural Research

Ammar Ali Ahmad — 2025-01-17

The aim of this research is to determine the role of interaction and participation of the work teams in improving the efficiency of the outputs of the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Tartous, by examining the dimensions of the efficiency of the outputs (knowledge, skills, good behavior), and their relationship to the interaction and participation of the work teams in the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Tartous.

To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to the workers at the aforementioned center. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach to conduct the research. The variables were measured through their dimensions. The researcher used the statistical method by designing a questionnaire to collect primary data from the research sample’s vocabulary in order to use it to test hypotheses. Then The researcher transcribed the questionnaire into a database that was analyzed using the SPSS program, version 20.

Among the most important results of the research: The results of hypothesis testing indicate the existence of a strong positive relationship with high statistical significance between the variables of output efficiency (knowledge, skills, good behavior) and the interaction and participation of the work teams at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Tartous.

The Turkish Foreign Ministry towards Lib

aheed khadoor — 2025-01-17

The international changes that occurred in the year 2011 greatly affected Turkish foreign policy, which was looking for influence in the region, and the Arab countries were the focus of attention of American foreign policy, especially those that witnessed crises such as the Libyan state, which Turkey saw as a very important country. By virtue of its richness in resources and oil wealth, as well as its important geographical location being close to Europe, Libya is therefore considered an important country for Turkey and therefore it set all its goals to intervene in it, and this is what happened through its support for parties at the expense of other parties, and the establishment of military bases where Turkey was trying to exploit the circumstances. International efforts to increase its influence in the North African region, especially in Libya, which is rich in oil and gas, and to restore the prestige of the Turkish state in the region.

The Impact of Organizational Flexibility on Sustainable Marketing Strategies: A Field Study in Private Universities in Latakia Province.

raed shareed — 2025-01-17

The research mainly aims to show the impact of organizational flexibility on sustainable marketing strategies in private universities in Latakia Governorate. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach. In the theoretical section, the concept of organizational flexibility and its importance was addressed, and its dimensions (operational flexibility, strategic flexibility, Tactical flexibility) and clarifying the concept of each of them. The researcher also touched on the concept of sustainable marketing strategies and their importance. As for the practical section, observation and personal interviews were relied upon.

A questionnaire consisting of 24 statements was designed and the SPSS23 program was relied upon to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study reached the following conclusions: Several results, the most important of which is the presence of a good positive moral effect of organizational flexibility on sustainable marketing strategies in the study.

"Annulment of the arbitration decision due to non-compliance with the principle of confrontation."

Ammar Younes — 2025-01-17

The research addresses a significant judicial ruling from the French Court of Cassation, which annulled an arbitration decision due to a violation of the principle of confrontation, a fundamental tenet of arbitration law. The study emphasizes the growing skepticism among arbitration professionals, particularly in international arbitration, about the increasing annulments of arbitration awards by national courts. This trend has become a tool for parties dissatisfied with arbitration outcomes to delay or circumvent enforcement, thus undermining arbitration's role as a cost-effective and time-saving alternative to national courts for commercial disputes. However, the research also highlights the supervisory role that national courts can play in ensuring arbitrators adhere to fundamental arbitration principles, including respecting the principle of confrontation. It ultimately suggests that a balance must be struck between the available legal avenues for dispute resolution at the international level. This balance should protect the integrity and efficiency of arbitration while allowing necessary judicial oversight to prevent abuses of arbitration processes. The study concludes with a call for arbitrators to proactively apply legal principles in a manner that allows parties to discuss and confront these principles before a ruling is made, thus upholding the core values of arbitration as an equitable and transparent dispute resolution mechanism.

Arbitration in Syrian Law: Forms and Applications

ammar muhammad — 2025-01-17

In light of the development and complexity of commercial relationships, the need for arbitration as an effective dispute resolution method has become pressing. Arbitration offers speed and confidentiality in resolving disputes, as well as flexibility that surpasses traditional judicial systems. This trend reflects countries' commitment to regulating arbitration as a legal alternative for resolving conflicts, including Syria, which has developed a comprehensive legal framework for arbitration.

According to Syrian Arbitration Law No. 4 of 2008, arbitration is recognized as an alternative method for resolving disputes instead of litigation. Commercial arbitration is considered the optimal way to resolve disputes due to its many advantages, such as expertise, flexibility, procedural speed, and confidentiality. These advantages make arbitration a desirable alternative for effectively resolving commercial disputes.

Arbitration in Syrian law is viewed as a flexible and effective means for resolving disputes, whether through an arbitration clause before the dispute arises or an arbitration agreement after it has occurred. Both institutional and ad hoc arbitration allow parties to choose the model that best suits their specific needs.

The Impact of Forensic Accounting Techniques in Detecting Creative Accounting Practices "A Survey Study of the Opinions of Certified Public Accountants in Syria"

saja Hashem — 2025-01-17

The Study Tested The Impact of Forensic Accounting Techniques Used By Certified Public Accountants in Syria When Auditing Financial Companies In Detecting Creative Accounting Practices.

The Survey Strategy Was Relied Upon By Distributing The Questionnaire to The Practicing Certified Public Accountants in Syria, Numbering (120) Certified Public Accountants. (97) Valid Questionnaires Were Retrieved for Analysis. The Data Were Analyzed Using The Smartpls4 Program, and The Hypotheses Were Tested Using The Multiple Regression Model.

The Results Showed The Existence of an Impact of Using These Techniques in Detecting Creative Accounting Practices, and That Certified Public Accountants Rely on Them to Detect These Practices. The Results Also Showed That The Techniques of Financial Ratio Analysis and The Theory of Relative Size Have a Direct and Significant Effect. it Also Showed That There Was an Inverse and Significant Effect for The Trend Analysis Technique, While The Percentage of Explained Variance Reached (49.4%).

Evaluating the level of application of the elements of the pharmaceutical marketing mix in the pharmaceutical industry sector (a field study in pharmaceutical companies and warehouses on the Syrian coast)

Raneem Dabbashy — 2025-01-17

This study aimed to evaluate the extent of application of the elements of the pharmaceutical marketing mix practiced by pharmaceutical companies and warehouses on the Syrian coast. In its evaluation, the researcher relied on five dimensions of the pharmaceutical marketing mix (pharmaceutical product, pharmaceutical promotion, pharmaceutical pricing, pharmaceutical distribution, and pharmaceutical operations).

The researcher relied on the analytical approach, and also relied on the facilitated random sampling method, where the questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 117 individuals from doctors and pharmacists dealing with the companies and warehouses studied, and appropriate statistical tests were conducted, including simple linear correlation, and a one-sample difference test.

The researcher reached a set of results:

There is an application for the pharmaceutical product, pharmaceutical promotion, and pharmaceutical distribution by the companies and warehouses studied.
There is no application for pharmaceutical distribution in the form required by the companies and warehouses studied.
The sample tended to be neutral towards the application of pharmaceutical operations by the studied drug companies and warehouses.

The Protecting State in the Context of International Crises: Between Theory and Practice

moaed issa — 2025-01-17

Establish a system of protecting states to enable the conflicting parties to continue dialogue regarding the protection of their populations. The agreements stipulate, since the beginning of the conflict, the necessity for each party to appoint a protecting state to ensure the implementation of the agreements and additional protocols. The appointed delegates of the protecting states are subject to the approval of the parties to the conflict with whom they carry out their duties.

The idea of our research is based on knowing the extent of the effectiveness of the role of the protecting state in implementing international humanitarian law. This research was addressed with definitions of the protecting state، an explanation of the parties that assume the responsibilities of the protecting state، we also explained the tasks and powers of the protecting state، and finally we presented applied cases of the role of the protecting state.

In this research، we explained the nature of the protecting state in the first requirement، and we also explained the tasks and powers of the protecting state and its application cases in the second requirement.

In order to achieve the desired goal of the establishment of the protecting state، we proposed separating the work of the aforementioned state from the initiative or acceptance of the conflicting parties. In other words، in more brief terms، we see granting the aforementioned state delegated powers to carry out its tasks as soon as there is a need to use its services.

The Role of Technological Vigilance in Achieng Entrepreneurship For Companies Pharmaceutical Industry in Syrian coast

Abeer Alkhayer — 2025-01-17

Pharmaceutical companies today operate in an era dominated by many threats and challenges. They have become operating within a competitive environment that requires a high degree of vigilance in the steps they take to achieve their goals. In order to continue to achieve leadership in their business and increase their ability to create and innovate, they must rely on a Technological vigilance system that works. To receive information that helps them discover what might happen, when, and where it will happen. The mission of technological vigilance is not only to collect information and knowledge, but also to research scientific innovations and technological innovations in various fields. Practicing any industry requires an advanced level of technology that improves its pioneering performance and makes it capable of inventing new products.

The research aimed to study the role of Technological Vigilance in Entrepreneurship dimensions (Innovativeness, Autonomy, Risk Taking) Companies Pharmaceutical Industry in Syrian coast. The researcher adopted the statistical method, and the preliminary data were collected through a questionnaire form as a tool for study, which was organized based on the researcher's knowledge of published literature, questionnaire was distributed to a sample of research that represented by 85. In order to test hypotheses, the researcher unloaded a database using SPSS issue 23 and adopted on Cronbach's Alpha to measure the stability of the meter. The most important results of the research were the existence of a moral relationship between technological Vigilance and achieving the dimensions of entrepreneurship, in the companies under study, which are (Innovation - Autonomy - Risk) in the companies under research. .

Evaluating The Quality Of Educational Service From The Perspective Of Students Of The Faculty Of Economics At Tishreen University

Niroz Abbas — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to identify the level of quality of educational service provided from the point of view of students of the Faculty of Economics at Tishreen University، through studying the reality and knowing the relative importance of the dimensions of quality of educational service (tangibility، responsiveness، safety، reliability، empathy) in the university under study. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach as a general approach to the research، and the researcher distributed the questionnaire to (290) individuals from the study community. The results concluded that there are significant differences between the level of dimensions of quality of educational services currently prevailing in the university under study، and the level of dimensions of quality of educational services that must be available from the point of view of students of the Faculty of Economics. Then the study presented some recommendations، the most important of which were:.

Paying attention to research that aims to reveal the aspects contributing to the development of educational service and its level of quality and the extent of its impact on students' opinions and desires، and working to develop it in light of the results of this research.
Paying attention to research and studies on students' expectations regarding the quality of educational services، and working to measure the gap between what is expected and what is perceived.

The Effect of Material Incentives in Effectiveness of Work Teams A Field Study in the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Lattakia

Aboud Wanous — 2025-01-17

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of material incentives in the effectiveness of work teams (team performance, team member satisfaction, team viability) at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Lattakia. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method as a general approach to research. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a sample of members of the work teams at the Center for Scientific Agricultural Research in Lattakia. The number of members of the work teams reached 185, the number of valid questionnaire for statistical analysis was 181 responses. The researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) in conducting statistical and hypothesis testing. The research reached several results, the most important is: There is a positive significant effect for material incentives in the effectiveness of work teams in their dimensions (team performance, team member satisfaction, team viability) in the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Lattakia.

Agricultural Production Challenges in Latakia Governorate A Field Study from the Perspective of a Sample of Farmers

Khaldon Haddad — 2025-01-17

The aim of this research is to identify the main problems facing agricultural production in Latakia Governorate, which are (scarcity of resources, climate change, diseases and pests, weak marketing, weak government support), through application to a sample of farmers in the regions of Latakia Governorate.

The research employed a descriptive approach. The research population included all farmers in the regions of Latakia Governorate (Latakia, Jableh, Qardaha, and Jableh regions). The research sample was a random sample of 300 farmers from the governorate's regions. Interviews were conducted with the farmers, and a questionnaire was distributed as a research tool. A total of 263 complete and valid questionnaires were retrieved, representing a response rate of 89%.

The research findings revealed that agricultural production in Latakia Governorate faces a range of challenges, with resource scarcity at the forefront, followed by weak marketing, weak government support, climate change, and finally, diseases and pests.

Shifting Role of Hard Power in International Conflicts

fred mellish — 2025-01-17

By studying international conflicts, we can see that they have two distinct dimensions: the first is the negative dimension, and the second is the positive dimension in conflicts that reach the point of confrontation. Conflicts are an inevitable issue in the context of international relations, and they have been and still are, and will remain so despite all theoretical attempts that seek to limit or reduce them. All of this enables us to know the most prominent basic characteristics that distinguish the phenomenon of the use of force in international relations, the most important of which is the use of hard (military) force in conflicts, and with the vast technological developments that have enabled countries and powers to use other forms of force in wars and conflicts when interests conflict between countries that always seek to achieve the interests of certain countries through their foreign policy, and all of this is linked to global politics and international conflict. Thus, the first and basic goal of using hard power, or the types of power that have emerged in the history of conflicts of all kinds in foreign policy, is to maintain superiority and prevent other countries from competing. The best strategy for a state is to always be strong by possessing hard power (military) as well as other forms of power and its tools, and striving to increase it, although military power remains a priority in addition to everything related to it, the most important elements of power. All major historical changes in international conflicts and disputes have only occurred through possessing hard power, or threatening force, or actually using it.

The Role Of Virtual Communities Marketing In Building The Competitive Advantage Of Small And Medium Enterprises A field study on a sample of Syrian small and medium enterprises

Ahmad Mohammad — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to study the role of virtual communities marketing in building the competitive advantage of Syrian small and medium enterprises, by studying the role of the dimensions of virtual communities marketing, represented by: Interactivity, content, and credibility in building the competitive advantage of Syrian small and medium enterprises. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general research approach, where a questionnaire was designed and distributed to a deliberate sample of Syrian small and medium enterprises that have a presence in virtual communities. The number of questionnaires valid for statistical analysis was 75 questionnaires. The research concluded that there is a positive moral impact of virtual communities marketing in building the competitive advantage of Syrian small and medium enterprises. The dimensions of virtual communities marketing were ranked in terms of the strength of influence in building the competitive advantage of Syrian small and medium enterprises, according to the following order: content, Interactivity, and credibility.

The Impact of Innovative Work Environment Quality on the Performance of Small Enterprises (A Field Study in Latakia Governorate)

Yara Issa — 2025-01-17

The research aims mainly to shed light on the concept of innovative work environment quality, and the concept of small projects performance and its dimensions represented in (profitability, market share, growth in the number of employees), and to show the impact of innovative work environment quality on the performance of small and medium enterprises. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach. In the theoretical framework, the researcher addressed the concept of the work environment and its components, and also addressed the concept of innovative work environment, and the criteria for measuring the quality of the innovative work environment. The researcher also addressed the concept of performance, the concept of small projects and their importance. In the practical framework, the researcher relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data, and the (SPSS) program was relied upon to analyze the data, test the hypotheses and reach the research results. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the presence of a moderate moral impact of innovative work environment quality on the performance of small projects in the study area.

Measuring the impact of the challenges of adopting blockchains for banking accounting on Syrian banking performance

Ahmad kherbeek — 2025-01-17

The aim of the research is to explore the challenges faced in adopting blockchain accounting, as well as the factors that may contribute to this adoption in the Syrian environment. This is particularly relevant given the observed weakness in adoption capabilities due to limited resources at some banks, especially in light of the rapid digital transformation being experienced across various sectors within the Syrian context. Thus, the goal of the research is to measure the reality of adoption challenges and indicate their highest levels, while assessing the impact of these challenges on the performance of Syrian banks.

The research employed a descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was directly distributed to employees in the accounting departments of public and private Syrian banks, yielding 62 responses suitable for analysis.

The results indicated no statistically significant effect from economic, technological, organizational, or environmental challenges on banking performance. However, there is a statistically significant positive effect of the level of compatibility challenges of blockchain accounting with banks and the quality of blockchain accounting technology outputs on banking performance.

The researcher recommends working to overcome compatibility challenges by providing the necessary infrastructure and equipment in order to achieve the highest level of output quality and improve banking performance, as demonstrated in the regression equation. Additionally, efforts should be made to address economic, technological, environmental, and organizational challenges, even though they did not show a direct effect on banking performance, due to their importance in developing banking operations, as they indirectly contribute to improving service quality.

Syrian-American Relations under Current Circumstances

Sammer Skief — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to explain Syrian-American relations under the current circumstances. To study the impact of the war on Syria on economic relations with countries hostile to Syria in the war, especially America, as well as to explain the impact of American sanctions on Syria, the researcher relied on the descriptive approach, and the researcher also relied on the historical approach by referring to the historical sequence of the development of international relations during the war period. On Syria, the researcher also relied on secondary data published in scientific and academic studies and research, reports issued by international institutions and scientific research, and data contained in the Central Bureau of Statistics. The researcher relied on the analytical approach in his study of the numbers for the research through time series analysis, and among the most important The results of the research:

1- The war on Syria in 2011 represented a turning point in international politics and the conflict between regional and international powers, which led to the prolongation of the war until the present time.

2-Syria's strategic location has made it a focus for the West's ambitions and exploitation of its role in regional and international balances.

3- The war on Syria is a war of the interests of major powers over influence and economic interests related to energy sources and methods of supplying them.

Cybersecurity Threats in Syria and Its Implications for International Relations

ammar marhaj — 2025-01-17

Cybersecurity is a vital field that focuses on protecting electronic systems and data from cyber attacks and threats. This field includes the application of a set of procedures and techniques that aim to protect data and ensure the confidentiality and integrity of information. Awareness and training for users are an essential part of cybersecurity strategies, as they contribute to enhancing the level of awareness of potential risks and available protection methods. Common threats in this field include ransomware attacks, database hacking, and malware. Technologies used in information security, such as encryption and intrusion detection systems, contribute to building a comprehensive protection system against these threats. This study addresses the concept of cybersecurity, its objectives, and its importance, in addition to the main strategies that can be adopted in this field. The most prominent findings reached by the researcher are:

1- Increase awareness and training: The need to enhance training and awareness programs for IT workers and ordinary users about the importance of cybersecurity and available means of protection.

2- Periodic risk assessment: The importance of conducting periodic risk assessments to identify gaps and update protection strategies in line with current threats.

3- Developing national strategies: Countries must seek to develop comprehensive national strategies for cybersecurity that include all vital sectors.

These results emphasize the importance of cybersecurity as a fundamental element in protecting information and enhancing digital security in the modern era.

The Importance of Investing in the Human Capital A reviewing of The Malaysian Experience and The possibility of Being Benefit

Rabab Mhalla — 2025-01-17

Since the beginning of the new millennium, it has become more and more apparent that education and human capital constitute a key element in enhancing economic growth and creating economic development., and a means of transitioning into a knowledge economy that based on creativity and innovation. This makes so necessity, to understand the concepts of human capital investment, and the importance of the success of educational policies, especially the developing and utilizing human capital skills and knowledge extends beyond the current workforce to the potential workforce as well. Accordingly, the research aims to exploring the development of human capital investment concept, and all related theoretical issues, as one of economic life factors, and reviewing the Malaysian experience, which is considered a pioneering and unique experience in this context, in addition.

Importance of the Research: The importance of the research is linked to the role of investment in human capital as one of the most crucial factors for achieving desired economic growth rates. It serves as a fundamental pillar in establishing the sought-after economic development and a means of transition from an economy based on traditional production processes to a knowledge economy driven by skills, creativity, and innovation, keeping pace with the rapid technological advancements witnessed globally.

Results: The emergence and development of the concept of human capital are associated with the evolution of economic studies that have focused on economic growth and the factors influencing it. In this regard, Theodore Schultz clarified that although it is known that individuals acquire useful skills and knowledge, it was not recognized that these skills and knowledge represent a form of capital, and that this form of capital is, to a significant extent, essential.

Evaluating the level of Application of Digital Marketing Dimensions in Telecommunications Companies in Syria (A field Study at Syriatel and MTN companies in Latakia)

Jawdat Dayoub — 2025-01-17

The research aimed to evaluate the level of application of digital marketing dimensions in telecommunications companies (Syriatel and MTN) in Latakia Governorate, where the researcher relied on studying five basic dimensions of digital marketing (attraction dimension - communication dimension - participation dimension - learning dimension - retention dimension). The researcher relied on the descriptive approach, and used the facilitated sampling method for the study population by distributing a questionnaire to workers in telecommunications companies (senior management - middle management - operational management) in Lattakia Governorate, Its size reached (114) single items which was retrieved and fully analyzed through the SPSS program, and to test the study hypotheses. The researcher used the Student's T test for one sample.

The research found a high level of application of digital marketing dimensions in the telecommunications companies under study, represented by (attraction - communication - participation - learning - retention). The research concluded with a set of recommendations related to the need to develop and improve the dimensions of digital marketing in line with developments in digital technology, and the need for the companies under study to provide effective digital content about the services provided and highlight their value.

The Relationship between Violation of the Psychological Contract and Intention to Leave Work (A Field Study on Nurses in Private Hospitals in Homs City)

Maria Mresh — 2025-01-17

This study aimed to identify the impact of psychological contract violation on intention to leave in private hospitals in Homs City. The descriptive and analytical approach was employed as it suits the nature of the study, aiming to achieve a comprehensive and accurate description of the study topic, data collection and analysis, and hypothesis testing. The study sample consisted of nurses from three hospitals in Homs City (Al-Muzaina, Farzat Ayyoub, and Ahli), where 110 questionnaires were distributed to the sample, and 100 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis, resulting in a sample size of 100 nurses. The most significant findings of this study were: The majority of the research sample agree that the hospital they work for has violated the psychological contract between them. The majority of the research sample have the intention to leave their current job in the hospital. The majority of the research sample strongly disagree that they suffer from emotional burnout. There is a direct relationship between psychological contract violation and intention to leave, as an increase of one unit leads to an increase in intention to leave by 0.837 units.

Legal Protection Granted To Children During Armed Conflicts In Accordance With The Rules Of International Humanitarian Law

maher daye — 2025-01-17

The origin and principle in international relations is to follow peaceful methods for managing international relations, and it is not permissible to use force except in the case of legitimate self-defense or in the case of participation in the use of force under the banner of the United Nations, but those who follow the issue see that the use of war as a means of resolving conflicts is the most prevalent and permanent. Wars for years were far from legal restrictions, corrupting the principle of absolute war.

Due to the devastating effects of wars, international norms began to impose legal restrictions on wars and paved the way for the emergence of international humanitarian law, the existence of which was established by the signing of the four Geneva Conventions of 1948.

International humanitarian law considers the need to take into account civilians during armed conflicts, especially when specific groups are identified, namely women and children.

The protection of children during armed conflicts is enshrined in domestic and international laws, and the four Geneva Conventions also address this subject in several legal texts.

Within the research, we will try to shed light on knowledge of the most important legal texts that have dealt with this, and we will provide an explanation to determine whether the existence of these texts is sufficient to ensure protection, and practically present the efforts of international organizations concerned with children’s rights, especially in times of armed conflict, and most importantly, we will study determining the international criminal responsibility of persons. Perpetrators of crimes and violations of children’s rights, with an explanation of the role of the international criminal judiciary in this matter.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence Models in Predicting the International Demand for Tourism in Syria

Zeina Naser Eldin — 2025-01-17

Many artificial intelligence models have been used in studying and analyzing time series and forecasting their future changes, which focused on forecasting demand in the services sector in general and some of them were linked to forecasting demand for tourism services in particular. References indicated the availability of a high degree of credibility and accuracy in forecasting demand using artificial intelligence models, including the LSTM model. the current study has multiple objectives, including: identifying the LSTM model’s efficiency and ability degree in predict the international demand for tourism in Syria, in addition to determining the accuracy and credibility level in the case of using the LSTM model. Furthermore, the descriptive analytical method was used and the data of the Ministry of Tourism was applied. However, the most important finding is that the LSTM model is highly accurate and credible, wherein the predicted values are very close to the actual values in the three years assigned to the model credibility testing. Additionally, the LSTM model is efficient in predicting the international demand for tourism. Moreover, the use of the LSTM model in prediction makes it highly credible. Finally, the predicted future values of demand for international tourism in Syria indicate a significant increase in demand for international tourism in the predicted years. Based on the results and conclusions, the following can be recommended: Increasing interest in artificial intelligence techniques and using them in the process of analyzing tourism data and predicting future tourism demand in its various forms based on these diverse models. Using more than one model to compare between them, as some of them are suitable for long or short time frames or both.

Justified slander

manaf safe — 2025-01-17

In this research, I discussed the crime of defamation stipulated in the Syrian penal legislation as a crime of insult. I dealt with the research topic in two sections, the first of which was about the nature of the crime of defamation by defining it, its pillars, its forms, and the nature of the violated right. As for the second, I talked about the two cases in which the legislator explicitly gave a reason to justify the perpetrator of the crime of defamation, and about other cases that were not explicitly stipulated within the framework of the texts that dealt with this crime, but are in fact a consecration of the principle of using the right stipulated in Article /182/ of the Penal Code.

Finally, I reached a set of results in addition to a set of recommendations that contribute to enriching the research.