Old issue 1991 to 2024- Economic and Legal Sciences Series

An Econometric Analytical Study of the Role of Maritime Transport in Syrian Foreign Trade during the Period 2011-2021

Yazan Daoud — 2024-11-10

The research aimed to study and analyze some productivity indicators in Syrian ports based on the data available in the Syrian statistical collections issued by the Central Bureau of Statistics and the official website of the Ministry of transport in the Syrian Arab Republic, which includes data on the number of ships in the ports of Latakia and Tartus, the number of outgoing and incoming containers, in addition to the amount of loaded and unloaded goods, the research also aimed to determine the the relationship between the amount of goods traded in the ports and the total foreign trade in Syria during the period 2011-2021, the study concluded that the total number of ships in the ports of Latakia and Tartus has decreased with an average annual growth rate of -7.53%, as Container traffic in Syrian ports decreased by an average annual growth rate of -7.33%, and the quantity of goods decreased by an average annual growth rate of -6.59%, and it was found that there is a direct and significant relationship between the amount of goods traded in the ports and the total foreign trade in Syria during the period 2011-2021.

The Legal Concept of Truce

Mohamed Ali — 2024-11-10

ace Truce is the means of international law to enforce stopping military operations in land, sea and air between conflicting parties in order to create suitable circumstances to make peace process. But this does not necessarily mean achieving peace between the two parties. The truce may be continued according to the circumstances of the war and the will of the two parties. In this direction. The truce as a legal concept differs in its meaning from other terms in this concern such as :ceasefire, peace treaty and other terms such as the humanitarian truce is one of the effective means of international humanitarian law aimed at suspending the military operations in order to achieve humanitarian purposes such as: offering medical care for the wounded and burying the dead bodies for specific period of time in a specific geographical location without ending the state of war between the conflicting The United Nations' resolutions to enforce truce between conflicting parties are not obligatory according to the international law, but they represent a strong opinion of the majority of UN members in the General Assembly. However, truce can be imposed on parties by the United Nations Security Council resolutions under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter if the parties are not committed to Security Council resolutions. It is important to distinguish between the truce agreements and the identification of states' borders. The legal concept of truce is temporal ceasefire for certain purposes, it is not concerned with the identification of borders which should be included in the international treaties.

The Funding Impact Of International Humanitarian Organizations On Some Economic Indicators In The Syrian Arab Republic During The Period 2000-2020

Tayma sbeeh — 2024-11-10

The study aimed to study the impact of financing international humanitarian organizations in the Syrian Arab Republic on some economic indicators represented by gross domestic product, unemployment, and exchange rate during the period 2000-2020.

The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach to describe the reality of financing in international organizations in Syria and analyzed the financing impact of these organizations on various economic indicators, in addition to the economic measurement method to show the impact of the relationship between the variables studied, using the Spss24 program. The researcher achieved to many results, the most important of which was that there is a significant relationship between funding humanitarian organizations in The Syrian Arab Republic and the economic indicators under study.

Arbitration in state investment contract disputes

Yazan Ibrahim — 2024-11-10

State contracts concluded by states with foreign persons are among the important contracts for states , these contracts aim to achieve economic and social development for the state , there are many forms and types of these contracts , the most prominent of which are investment contracts

International investment activities related to the movement of capital , goods , services and people across the national borders of different countries it creates a kind of difference in the legal system between the foreign investor and the countries hosting the investment disputes often arise between them , and arbitration is resorted to as a friendly and quick means of resolving disputes

Arbitration has become a refuge for states and investors in the field of contracts concluded by states with foreign investors , as the presence of the state in the contract makes the investor need judicial guarantees to protect his investments due to considerations of sovereignty enjoyed by the state , which makes foreign investors suspicious of the impartiality of the national courts of the host state and the influence of the judge , with the prevailing ideology in his country

The role of service providers’ skills in improving the evaluation of the quality of sports services - A field study on clients of fitness clubs in Latakia Governorate-

Danial Khayrabak — 2024-11-10

This study aimed to determine the level of quality of sports services in the club under study, and to determine the impact of the technical skills of service providers on improving the quality of sports service, and to determine the impact of their behavioral skills on improving the quality of sports service in the club. The researcher relied on the deductive approach as a general approach of thinking, and the descriptive analytical approach was used as a general approach in this study. Secondary data from periodicals and master’s theses were used to formulate the theoretical framework. Primary data from a questionnaire organized by the researcher, after reviewing previous studies that dealt with the variables studied, was analyzed using SPSS (20).

The most important results of this study were: There is an impact of the skills of service providers (behavioral and technical skills) on improving the quality of sports services in the club under study. Among the most important recommendations presented by the researcher: giving priority to listening to the needs and interests of customers, and responding to their inquiries immediately. This can be achieved by allocating a designated time for customers to ask questions and provide clear and concise answers on them.

Analysis of the Impact of Underwriting Rates on Return on Assets in Insurance Companies Operating in Syria

majid alhoussami — 2024-11-10

The aim of the research was to measure the impact of underwriting rates on the return on assets (ROA) in insurance companies operating in Syria using panel data models. The study covered the period from 2010 to 2021, relying on data issued by the Insurance Supervisory Authority and the Damascus Securities Exchange, including financial data, balance sheets, and income statements of companies present in Syria.

The main findings of the research indicate a weak correlation between the variables, suggesting that the study variables are independent of each other. Additionally, there is a positive relationship between the return on assets and the growth rate of underwriting premiums, and a negative relationship between the return on assets and the market share rate. However, the retention rate did not show any statistical significance in the return on assets. The fixed effects model was found to be the most appropriate among the proposed panel data models, with both the market share rate and the growth rate of underwriting premiums being key components of the fixed effects model.

The impact of electronic advertising on the purchase decision for hotel services (a field study in Tartous hotels)

shabaan shoubassi — 2024-11-10

This research aimed to study the effect of electronic advertising on the purchase decision for hotel services, by conducting a field study in Tartous hotels, where third- and fourth-class hotels were selected. This study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a random sample consisting of (106) Tourists who are guests and users of social networking sites in hotels in Tartous Governorate. The data collected was analyzed and hypotheses were tested using the SPSS program.25. The study also reached a set of results, namely that the content of the electronic advertisement through social media had the greatest impact on the decision to purchase hotel services, then followed by the credibility of the electronic advertisement, and then the design of the electronic advertisement, while the design of the electronic advertisement through the website on the purchase decision for hotel services services had less impact compared to the other dimensions.

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Strategic Merger In Syrian Public Establishments Field Study On Syrian Public Of Grain Institution-Branch Of Latakia

Lama Esber — 2024-11-10

This study investigated the concept of strategic merger and its application in the Syrian Grain Establishment and whether its objectives were achieved, within the Syrian government intends to carry out restructuring and mergering public institutions in order to increase its efficiency and improve its performance. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and testing the hypotheses, The researcher designed a questionnaire was distributed on a purposive sample of managers in administrative divisions and departments, which 48 questionnaires were retrieved, valid for statistical analysis. It includes items that strategically measure the effectiveness of the merger that took place in the studied institution through four perspectives of Balance Score Card: financial, learning& growth, internal processes and customer. The descriptive analytical approach was followed. And using inferential statistics through the Statistical package for social sciences SPSS. 27 to reach the results.

The results revealed that the studied institution achieved some of its planned financial goals, such as reducing expenses and improving the performance of internal operations, but the cultural integration between human resources of the three merged institutions remained weak, and employees did not feel satisfied.

The study recommended the need to work on :improving the efficiency of asset management, increasing the rate of return on investment, redeveloping the information systems, and taking great care of creating culture integration among the human resources of the merged institution.

The Role Of Website Design For Syrian Government Universities In Measurement The Quality Of Educational Services Case Study Of Tishreen University Website) )

Ahmad Al-Sokkary — 2024-11-10

This research aims to study the extent of the impact of website design for Syrian government universities (method of use, content, interactivity, attractiveness, service value) on evaluating the quality of educational services provided (reliability, responsiveness, security and reliability). To achieve this goal, a case study was conducted that included the Tishreen University website. The current study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. An electronic questionnaire was designed for the purpose of collecting primary data and was distributed to a purposive sample that included (300) male and female students from various colleges who had previously used the Tishreen University website. The collected data were then analyzed and hypotheses tested using SPSS.25. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the design dimensions of the Tishreen University website and the quality of educational services provided by this website; There was a significant positive impact of using the university’s website on the security and reliability of the educational services it provides, and the interactivity of the website had a striking impact on the response of the students who used it, while the content of the website was the design criteria that had the least impact on the quality of the educational services provided, through its weak effect in the reliability of those services.

Evaluating the national academic reference standards (NARS) engagement into academic programs under accreditation standard to better insure higher quality education in Syria (Case study for business management Program _ Faculty of Economy in Tishreen Univ

Shiraz Traboulsie — 2024-11-10

The effect of electronic service quality on customer satisfaction A field study on Syrital customers on the Syrian coast

bassam zaher — 2024-11-10

The research aimed to identify the degree of impact of electronic service quality on the satisfaction of Syrital customers in the Syrian coast by focusing on four dimensions of electronic service quality, which are reliability, ease of use, interactivity, and design.

The results of the research indicated that there is a significant effect for each dimension of electronic service quality represented by reliability, ease of use, interactivity, and design on the satisfaction of Syrital customers in the Syrian coast.

The most important recommendations of the research were the necessity for the company under study to work continuously to provide electronic services with a high degree of efficiency, strive to achieve zero errors, and interact effectively with customers’ electronic requests 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, designing electronic services in an innovative and attractive way so that they effectively influence customers through the use of sensory marketing techniques and neuromarketing techniques.

The Moderating Effect Of Information Asymmetry On The Relationship Between Accounting Conservatism And Earnings Quality - An Empirical Study On Companies Listed In Damascus Stock Exchange-

Eyad hatem — 2024-11-10

Earning quality is considered one of the main basis that management seeks to achieve and maintain, specially in the cases of uncertainty and conflict that might companies suffer.

To achieve that goal managements try to follow conservative Accounting polices that take into account all risks that might face their works. These polices is enhanced in case of information asymmetry that each part has and results from the separation between management and ownership.

Based on that, this study aimed to determine the impact of accounting conservatism on earning quality, as well as the moderator impact of information asymmetry on the relationship between accounting conservatism and the earning quality.

The data is collected using annual financial reports for companies listed in Damascus Stock Exchange. These reports are available on Damascus Stock Exchange website. Using a dataset of 18 listed companies covering the period 2013 to 2022 comprising a total of 180 observations, Panel Data analysis is employed, with the help of the application Eviews 10 and Microsoft Excel 2010. The study used time-sectional data Panel Data Balanced.

The earnings quality variable was measured based on persistence of earnings, proximity to cash, and earnings management, while accounting conservatism was measured by dividing the market value of equity to the book value of equity, and information asymmetry was measured based on trading volume. The results showed that there is no effect of accounting conservatism on the earnings quality, as well as the absence of any moderating effect of the information asymmetry variable.

The role of the rules of customary international humanitarian law in protecting the natural environment

maya safetly — 2024-11-10

The rules of customary international humanitarian law contribute to mitigating the severity of damage to the natural environment resulting from military operations by providing the minimum principles of humanitarian concern that should be taken into account in armed conflicts whether international or no international, this is based on the consideration of the global environment as a common heritage of humanity, it is also applied at all times and every place as it is accepted by members of the international community, whether they are parties to humanitarian agreements or not thus it supports the legal protection of the environment during armed conflicts and fills some of the gaps included in this protection, the protection of the natural environment from the effects military operation is manifested under a set of general customary rules that seek to make the effects of the group more humane in addition to the customary rules for protecting the natural environment during armed conflicts.

The Effect of Promotion Strategy on Marketing Performance “A Field Study in Syrian Companies for plastic industries”

Asser Suleiman — 2024-11-10

This research aimed to study and analyse the effect of the promotion strategy with its elements: advertising, sales promotion, publicity, personal selling, and public relations on marketing performance, in a sample of industrial companies operating in Syria. The researcher distributed (300) questionnaires to a Convenience sample of individuals working in the branches of the following industrial companies under study: Toubi Plast Company for Plastic Industries in Damascus, Al-Reem Company for Plastic Products in Damascus Countryside, Al-Mateen International Company for Plastic Industries in Homs, and at all administrative levels (highest, middle, and lowest), (285) questionnaires were retrieved, and (5) questionnaires were excluded from them for not completing their data, and thus the number of questionnaires that were uploaded is (280) questionnaires.

The researcher analysed the data using the statistical analysis program (SPSS 25). At the end of this research, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: There is a significant effect of the promotion strategy with its five elements on the marketing performance of the Plastic Industrial Companies operating in Syria.

The Affect of Accounting conservatism on Financial Performance-Empirical Study on Companies Listed in Damascus Stock Exchange-

Fadi Haider — 2024-11-10

The study aimed to determine the effect of accounting conservatism, measured by the accruals on financial performance, as measured by three indicators: return on assets, Tobin Q, and earning per share.

To achieve that aim; Secondary data is collected from the annual financial reports of the companies listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange, which are available on the official website of that market. The study used cross-sectional data, and the data was analyzed using the Eviews 10 program. Between the pooled regression model, the fixed effects model, and the random effects model, it was also confirmed that the normal distribution of the residuals was tested.

The number of these companies reached 19 during the period from 2013 to 2020, with a total of 152 views. The results showed that there is an effect of accounting conservatism on each of the return on assets, return on equity, and stock returns.

The results showed that there is significant effect of accounting conservatism on the financial performance, this effect is negative for return on assets and earning per share, while the results showed that relationship is a positive effect for the , Tobin Q.

Inclusive growth in Syria (Building the indicator and analyzing it for the period 1997-2021)

mohammad yousef — 2024-11-10

The focus has been on inclusive growth by policy makers and institutions responsible for development and poverty alleviation, such as the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund, as most countries have included the inclusive growth index in their statistical periodicals and reports as an indicator of the inclusion of marginalized and poorest groups in the process of sustainable economic development. This research presents a framework for measuring the Syrian Inclusive Growth Index based on the indicators chosen by the Asian Development Bank and the Eurasian Economic Union during the period (1997-2021) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

The Inclusive Growth Index for Syria showed - After its Constructing - a noticeable decline during the period studied, As recorded negative rates during (1997-2000) and (2018-2021), which are the periods corresponding to the economic and political shocks in Syria, which reflects the extent of the structural imbalances within the Syrian economy that increased rates Poverty and inequality in income distribution. Which requires undertaking a set of structural reforms to enhance comprehensive economic growth that reduces inequality social and differences between social groups, and puts the country on a more sustainable development path.

Relationship Between Cash Flow Volatility And Capital Structure (An Empirical Study on Banks Listed at Damascus Securities Exchange)

rasha deba — 2024-11-10

This research aims to test the impact of the volatilities in cash flows with their various net activities (operating, investing, and financing), in addition to Volatility in the Net cash flows on capital structure of banks listed in the Damascus Securities Exchange on. The research community consisted of 14 banks, during the time period from 2015 to 2022. Four independent variables were used؛ which are the Volatility of cash flows from activities (operating, investing, financing), in addition to the Volatility of Net cash flows, and its were measured according to the standard deviation. The capital structure was also measured through ratio of Total Assets/Equity, and a controlling variable was used, which is the size of the bank, as it was measured through the natural logarithm of total Assets. The E-view10 program was used, and three models (pooled regression model, fixed effects, and random effects) were compared through the F test and the Hausman test. Results showed that there is significant positive relationship between volatilities of financing cash flows and capital structure, were explanatory value of the model is 18,4%, and there is no statistically significant relationship between volatilities of net cash flows, and volatilities of operating and investing cash flows and the capital structure of private banks.

The role of activities supporting the value chain in achieving competitive advantage (A field study in the commercial bank in Latakia Governorate)

Nessreen Skeef — 2024-11-10

The research aimed to study the role played by activities supporting the value chain in achieving competitive advantage in the Commercial Bank in Latakia Governorate, since the researcher relied on four dimensions of competitive advantage (distinguished cost- distinguished quality- distinguished flexibility- distinguished efficiency). The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method, since a facilitated sample was used with size of (97). The questionnaire was also used as a tool for collecting primary data and analyzing it through the statistical program (SPSS-26). To test the study hypotheses, the researcher used the Student’s T-test for one sample, as well as simple linear regression analysis.

The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are: there was a high level of use of activities supporting the value chain in the commercial bank and its branches in Latakia Governorate, a high level of achieving both distinguished cost and quality as dimensions of competitive advantage, while it was found that there was a low level of achieving both distinguished flexibility and efficiency as dimensions of competitive advantage in the studied bank. The researcher presented a set of recommendations related to the necessity of making effective decisions based on a comprehensive analysis of the basic and supporting activities within the value chain, applying a cost leadership strategy, and achieving excellence in the flexibility component of banking operations.

The Impact of Foreign Trade Policies on Industrial Development in Syria

samee shahrour — 2024-11-10

The research aimed to study the impact of foreign trade policies (exports and imports) on the development of the industrial sector (industrial domestic product) in Syria during the period 2000-2019.

The statistical program Eviews.10 was relied upon to analyze the data, and the standard quantitative approach was used, including the unit root test, stationarity, Johanson cointegration test, VECM error correction model, and autoregressive (VAR) models. The statistical data and data available in the statistical collections were also relied upon, and the time frame for the research was determined during the period 2000-2019.

The research results showed that there is an inverse effect of industrial exports and a positive effect of industrial imports on the industrial domestic product, and the industrial exports variable is considered the more influential of the two variables.

The impact of electronic applications in improving Syrian passport services in the Immigration and Passports Branch in Tartous

anas hamdan — 2024-11-10

improving the quality of services provided for issuing Syrian passports. Electronic applications are considered one of the modern technological means to facilitate the provision of services. In general, the study found that electronic applications through electronic platforms for booking and issuing Syrian passports and electronic applications for paying passport fees play an important role in influencing the quality of services provided by the Immigration and Passports Branch in Tartous for issuing Syrian passports.
We used the descriptive analysis approach, relying on questionnaires distributed to citizens who obtained Syrian passports using an electronic platform, and we used the SPSS statistical program to analyze this data, and applied regression analysis to study the relationship between the dependent and independent variables.

The most important results of this study are:

-The electronic platform for booking and issuing Syrian passports affects the quality of services provided by the Immigration and Passports Branch in Tartous.

-The application of electronic payments to pay Syrian passport fees affects the quality of services provided by the Immigration and Passports Branch in Tartous.

-The electronic platform and electronic payment application contribute to improving the quality of services provided by the Immigration and Passports Branch in Tartous when issuing Syrian passports.

The Phenomenon of Legal Pluralism at the International Level

Mudar Alyousef — 2024-11-10

The formation of international legal rules is no longer limited to certain specific sources. Insteadly, new innovative methods have emerged other than traditional international law, and the international scene has become clearly pluralistic, characterized by the diversity of sources from which law is generated, and the conflict of legal rules to regulate the same field.

This research aims to study the so-called phenomenon of “legal pluralism” at the international level. To serve this purpose, it seeks to trace its impact, reveal its existence, and demonstrate its importance in forming new rules at the level of international law that are different from the well-known classical rules.

The research reveales that legal pluralism is a phenomenon that actually exists at the international level, Then it recommends taking the necessary measures to make legal pluralism more reliable, emphizing the importance of giving it further study and attention in order to have a deeper understanding of how international rules are formed.

Protection Of Persons With Disabilities In Times Of Armed Conflict

Mohammad Nour Daoud — 2024-11-10

Persons with disabilities are among the most affected groups in society by the violence and conflicts arising from armed disputes between warring parties, and the resulting negative impacts on the economic and social situation within conflict zones. This is due to their inability to protect themselves from the dangers of war and the likelihood of being forcibly displaced, which often leads to separation from their families or caregivers. Additionally, persons with disabilities become more vulnerable to social marginalization and discrimination based on their disabilities in such situations, significantly affecting their living conditions and exacerbating their suffering, which is mainly related to the circumstances and challenges of disability.

Therefore, it is essential to have international legal rules that provide effective protection for persons with disabilities and ensure the continuous enjoyment of their fundamental rights during armed conflicts. The international community has recognized the extent of the challenges and difficulties faced by these individuals in conflict zones and the necessity of not merely protecting them through the general principles of international humanitarian law.

Measuring the Impact of Financial Performance Indicators on Credit Employment Rates in Traditional Private Banks Operating in Syria

Seba Kubrasli — 2024-11-10

The aim of this research is to measure the impact of financial performance indicators (turnover ratio, equity to assets ratio, equity to total deposits ratio, total income to total assets ratio, market value to book value ratio, net profit to total income ratio, return on assets ratio, return on equity ratio, net interest and commission to total assets ratio) on credit employment rates in traditional private banks operating in Syria.

The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and the data of all private commercial banks operating in Syria, from 2011 to 2020, were analyzed.

The research found a set of results, the most important of which are: A statistically significant negative effect of return on equity, market-to-book value ratio, and net profit to total income ratio on the employment rate. A statistically significant positive effect of the ratio of net interest and commissions to total income on the employment rate. There is no statistically significant effect of each of the following on the employment rate: (trading ratio, debt ratio, equity ratio, equity to total deposits, total income to total assets, return on assets).

Institutional Arbitration and Ad Hoc Arbitration: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Ammar Muhammad — 2024-11-10

Arbitration, in general, is a means of resolving disputes between individuals outside the court. Arbitration is sought for the numerous advantages it offers, including the ability for the parties to determine the method of dispute resolution from start to finish, such as specifying the applicable law and choosing the arbitrators. Arbitration is divided into two main categories based on the procedures followed: private arbitration and institutional arbitration.

In this research, we discussed private arbitration and institutional arbitration during the phase prior to the issuance of the award, highlighting the differences between the two, as well as the phase following the issuance of the award and focusing on the enforcement of the award.

The central issue revolves around whether individuals resorting to arbitration as a means of resolving their disputes prefer one type of arbitration over the other—private or institutional.

We reached several conclusions:

Private arbitration and institutional arbitration represent distinct types of arbitration; this distinction arises from differences in the procedures followed in each type. The method of rendering an award does not differ, whether it is private or institutional.
In both types, the principle of autonomy of will generally prevails in determining the procedures followed.
In both types, it is not permissible to agree to any procedure that contravenes international public policy or the public policy of the country of enforcement.
The authority responsible for selecting arbitrators must consider the legal and contractual conditions when making appointments. In cases of disagreement, the right to appoint falls to the judiciary for private arbitration, while an institutional arbitration center will handle this for institutional arbitration.
If there is no agreement on the law governing the procedures, in private arbitration, the law of the seat of arbitration is often applicable for enforcement purposes; in contrast, the rules of the arbitration institution will apply in institutional arbitration.

FAO's Role in Achieving Food Security in Lower middle-income Arab countries

leen zayoud — 2024-11-10

Research objective to highlight FAO's role In ensuring the eradication of hunger and the improvement of agriculture and agricultural development, with a view to improving the standard of living for all and the enjoyment of health, which is the second sustainable development goal, this organization has set its strategic objective for the period 2016/2030 in improving food security indicators and eliminating undernutrition and malnutrition in developing countries, as well as lighting up the extent to which middle-income Arab States have achieved the bottom line (nine States) for their food security, and their overreach of indicators of under nutrition and malnutrition.

The researcher measured FAO's role in the programmers, plans and strategies developed to ensure that the Arab States in question ensured their food security and went beyond the problem of under nutrition and malnutrition of their citizens. The researcher relied on the globally adopted measure of food insecurity to measure food security availability indicators, and indicators to overcome the problem of under nutrition.

The researcher followed the analytical descriptive approach, based on the organization's published data and reports, and reached the following findings:

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has played the role required to ensure food security in the Arab States under consideration. It has prepared appropriate programmers and plans and has even developed long-term strategies.
Food security is not available in middle-income Arab countries from the lower tranche.
The sample countries in question have not exceeded the phenomenon of under nutrition and malnutrition, which has had a negative impact on the prevalence and prevalence of obesity among children under five years of age, as well as on the prevalence of anemia among women in the 15 to 49 age group.

The Impact Of Oil Sector On The Arab National Security Degree (Arab Oil Countries)The Period 1980-2021)

Jaafar Sakr — 2024-11-10

In this study the researcher studies the impact of oil sector on Arab national security in Arab oil countries, which is aiming to determine the aspects of the relationship between oil sector variables, and the percentage of national security index, which was promoted by USA national security agency, The importance of this study comes by applying on Arab countries state, The researcher did a multi regression model between the exports and imports of crude oil and refined oil products as independent variables represents oil sector, and Arab national security as dependent variable, The result is positive relationship between the exports and imports of refined oil products with the national security index, and there is not a significant impact of crude oil over Arab national security, and this shows the importance of enhancing the refined products sector in Arab countries, and its role in increasing national security, specially exporting refined oil products.

Protecting civilians during armed conflicts in light of international humanitarian law

Nagham Staity — 2024-11-10

International humanitarian law has approved international agreements that include legal rules that are a basic pillar in regulating armed conflicts. The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two protocols annexed to them in 1977 are among the most important agreements that are concerned with protecting victims of armed conflicts, whether international or internal.What international humanitarian law is most concerned with is the protection of civilians during armed conflicts, because of the rapid increase in wars and conflicts that the international community has witnessed and the gross violations of the rights of innocent civilians that accompany them, Although the Fourth Geneva Convention was devoted to protecting civilians during armed conflicts, it did not include a definition Integrated for civilians, and the term was mentioned more clearly in the First Appendix Protocol of 1977, which considered as a civilian every person who does not belong to members of the armed forces, members of militias or volunteer units that form part of these forces, or members of militias or volunteer units that are not part of them but Organized under responsible leadership, or members of organized resistance movements and residents who rise up to confront the occupier.The violence, indiscriminate killing, torture, deportation, deportation, and taking of civilians as hostages, and other acts criminalized by international humanitarian law, necessitated increasing the effectiveness of its executive, supervisory, and judicial mechanisms and developing them so that they become capable of achieving the goals of reducing the outbreak of wars and conflicts. weapons or mitigate their effects.

The role of international trade liberalization agreements in protecting the environment

Abdullatif ghazal — 2024-11-10

Issues of environmental protection have gained greater attention in recent years, due to increased knowledge of their risks and effects on humans, animals, plants, and climate. Therefore, today they constitute a concern for countries, concerned organizations, and specialists alike, which necessitates concerted efforts in various political, economic, or social fields to address concerns. The environment is taken into consideration, and of course these issues are closely linked to the liberalization of international trade and its relevant agreements. This research will study the provisions for protecting the environment in international trade agreements, which are provisions that are mainly contained in the World Trade Organization agreements in addition to preferential trade agreements, by reviewing those provisions. Discussing them and showing how they were applied and their effectiveness in responding to environmental challenges.

The impact of human capital remittances on economic growth in Syria

Nermin Mousa — 2024-11-10

This study aimed to review the concept of financial transfers, and the patterns of using remittances, as there are several patterns of using remittances within the economies of the receiving countries. These patterns differ from one country to another depending on the economic, living and social conditions and the systems and policies followed in each country.

The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach to study the general foundations and concepts of the subject studied, and the standard study based on the E-VIEWS10 program to clarify the extent to which financial transfers of human capital contribute to economic growth in Syria during the period (2000-2019).

The results concluded: There is a significant relationship between financial transfers of human capital and long-term economic growth in Syria during the period studied.

Then many recommendations were presented, the most prominent of which are: developing databases and information on the various dimensions of migration, especially on financial flows of human capital, so that in-depth studies can be carried out that ultimately reach accurate results, and stimulating and encouraging remittances through optimal exploitation of migrants’ savings in banks in order to Investing it in financing local or regional projects.

The Impact Of Market Orientation on The Innovative performance Of Small and Medium Enterprises (A field study in Lattakia Governorate)

Yara Issa — 2024-11-10

The aim of the study was to shed light on each of the market orientation with its dimensions: customer orientation, competition orientation, internal coordination, and to shed light on innovative performance, and to show the impact of market orientation and the impact of each. After we realized the dimensions of innovative performance of small and medium enterprises, we relied on the descriptive analytical approach. In the theoretical section, we sought to address the concept of market orientation and its dimensions (customer orientation, competition orientation, internal planning), and the concept of innovative performance and its importance were addressed. In the practical section, a questionnaire was designed consisting of 25 statements that included a set of statements related to the research variables, and appropriate statistics were used based on the (SPSS23) program in analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses. The study showed the existence of a continuous, significant, medium impact of market orientation on the innovative performance of small and medium enterprises in the study area.

The Labor Market Indicators Alteration in Syria during the period 2000-2020 (Analytical Study)

Rabab Mhalla — 2024-11-10

Labor market indicators represent the most important quantitative and qualitative tools that help in determining labor market trends and understanding the nature of its performance. In Syria, during the period 2001-2011, the labor market was greatly affected by local and regional circumstances, and suffered from the repercussions of the war on all economic and social levels, after 2011. So, it have been necessary, to treatise in labor market indicators and expertise their important denotations, which help in planning and setting the necessary economic and operational policies to improve labor market conditions and advance the reality of the labor force in the obtainable conditions.

In this context, the research presents a study and analysis of the most important labor market indicators in Syria during the period 2000-2020, as unemployment indicators, contribution to economic activity, and the composition of workers, in particular. We based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics and labor market surveys during the studied period .

The current international political environment and the war on Syria

fred Mellish — 2024-11-10

The major transformations that occurred in the international environment in the post-Cold War era and the events of September 2001, and the contemporary interest in the regional bloc or what is called “New Regionalism” which constitutes one of the important trends in contemporary international relations, cast their shadows on the regional environment and the theater of American military operations, starting with the war on Afghanistan, then the occupation of Iraq, and then targeting Syria as a result of the current international political environment, and the stages that the war on Syria went through, based on the importance of Syria in all fields and the political and economic ambitions to dominate the region.

The competent court to consider problem in implementing criminal rulings

ahmad almnawar — 2024-11-10

The legislator empowered the Public Prosecution to enforce the sentences, since its status was that of an agent who had handed down a judgement against another in the interests of his client and then proceeded to execute it; The disputes that arise during this execution have not been dealt with, which raises the question: Who is authorized to resolve these problems is the Public Prosecution, which is competent to enforce criminal sentences? Or is there any other judicial body dealing with such a matter? Another problem arose in practice: if the judgement was handed down by the court of first instance and challenged, the court of second instance overturned the judgement of the court of first instance as a whole, upheld it as a whole or overturned it in one section and upheld it in another. Who is the court competent to adjudicate the dispute: the court of first instance or the court of second instance? What if the judgement was handed down by the Court of Cassation as a court subject to the provisions of article 358/2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure? Is it different if the judgement is handed down by military courts? This research attempted to study this issue by comparing Syrian and Egyptian legislation by analysing the legal texts governing it.

Leadership in marketing and its role in realizing service quality - A study on insurance companies on the Syrian coast-

roba zayoud — 2024-11-10

Entrepreneurial marketing in business sectors in various fields presents a modern and advanced model, as most contemporary companies are keen to adopt it in various dimensions in their activities and in offering their products, in a way that ensures them to remain competitive in the markets, and in a way that contributes to improving individuals’ perceptions regarding the quality of the products provided, through... While adopting the most important pioneering methods related to creativity, taking advantage of opportunities, the art of dealing with risks, and creating appropriate value for customers, a descriptive and analytical approach was adopted to complete the research, and with the help of Spanish it was distributed to 350 insured individuals in insurance companies on the Syrian coast, and it became clear that there is an average reality in applying the dimensions of leadership in marketing in the companies studied, and the company’s dealing with risks was of the greatest value among the rest of the dimensions, and that there is a reality characterized by weakness in general in terms of perception of the quality of the service provided, as there is a weak feeling in terms of the security and confidence of transactions for this company, In terms of fulfilling all terms of the concluded contract and presenting obligations without evading, I also found that there is a positive correlation and a direct relationship between the dimensions of leadership in marketing and the perception of quality of service. Providing value to the customer was the most influential, followed by creativity in marketing and managing dealing with risk, and the least influential was To seize opportunities, the study recommended the necessity of emphasizing the importance of the concept of entrepreneurship and its applications, holding courses for company employees by marketing leadership specialists and how to apply it in the insurance sector, expanding the provision of services in a renewed manner, to include a wide and new segment of individuals so that they are commensurate with their risks, and continuous attention. By the company’s employees, regarding the quality of insurance and its services, and the emphasis on creating and strengthening feelings of trust and security in the hearts of the insured.

International Justice Court Between Acceptance Of Its Jurisdiction And The Binding Of Its Decisions

Yossra Gharib — 2024-11-10

The International Court of Justice, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, constitutes the primary judicial arm of the United Nations, and upon undertaking its judicial and advisory function, it is responsible for contributing with the rest of the branches of the United Nations to achieving the purposes of this organization in establishing international peace and security.

For this purpose, the Court is competent to decide international disputes between states according to two methods: Either optionally, when the parties to the conflict explicitly agree on its jurisdiction, or compulsory, if the parties previously agreed on its jurisdiction in accordance with international agreements or individual statements.

The decisions of the International Court of Justice has binding force and has the authority of the matter adjudicated. It is obligatory to implement it by the parties to the conflict, and in the event of refraining from doing so, the Security Council can be resorted to for implementation according to certain mechanisms. As for the advisory opinion, it does not have any mandatory value and does not have the force of a res judicata, but it has great moral and legal value.