المنهج العلمي بين تشارلز بيرس وكارل بوبر
Abstract
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مفهوم المنهج العلمي لدى فيلسوفين من مدرستين مختلفتين، "تشارلز بيرس" من المدرسة البراغماتية، و"كارل بوبر" من المدرسة الوضعية المنطقية. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، سعت الدراسة للكشف عن تلك الأسس والمنطلقات العلمية والفلسفية التي بنى عليها الفيلسوفان منهجهما العلمي، من خلال نقدهم للمناهج السابقة ودحضها، سواءً المنهج الاستقرائي أو المنهج الاستنتاجي بصورتيهما التقليدية، ثم الانطلاق من مفاهيم فلسفية أساسية جديدة، كمفهوم "التحقيق" عند بيرس، و"قابلية التكذيب" عند بوبر؛ نحو بناء المنهج العلمي والنظريات العلمية لدى الفيلسوفين. ثم حاولت الدراسة توضيح خطوات المنهج العلمي التي أقرها الفيلسوفان، وتبيان أسباب عده المنهج العلمي الأفضل لدراسة مختلف الظواهر العلمية (الطبيعية والاجتماعية). وانتهت الدراسة بتوضيح أهمية دراسة المنهج العلمي عند الفيلسوفين؛ لدى كل من يريد فهم فلسفتيهما؛ لأنه العمود الفقري لأفكارهما ونظرياتهما. فلن نستطيع استيعاب النظريات التربوية أو الاجتماعية أو الأخلاقية لديهم دون دراسة منهج البحث العلمي عندهم.
The study aimed to identify the concept of scientific method to philosophers from different schools, "John Dewey" from the school of pragmatism, "Karl Popper" school of logical positivism. To this end, the study sought to detect those foundations and premises of scientific and philosophical on which the philosophers Method scientific, through their criticism of the methods of past and refuted, both inductive approach or methodology deductive norms traditional, then the starting of the concepts of philosophical fundamental new concept "verification" when pears, the "Falsebility" when Popper, towards building the scientific method and scientific theories to the philosophers. Then study tried to clarify the steps of scientific method approved by the philosophers, and indicate the reasons considered the best scientific method to study various scientific phenomena (natural and social). The study clarified the importance of studying the scientific method when philosophers; to anyone who wants to understand their philosophy and theories; because they are the spine of their ideas and theories. We can not accommodate the educational theories, social or ethical approach to their will, without a study of scientific research for them.
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