تقييم فعالية المدرجات الحجرية في حفظ المياه والتربة في قرية السلاطة – اللاذقية
Abstract
تعد المدرجات من أقدم التقنيات المستخدمة لحفظ المياه والتربة على منحدرات الجبال الساحلية في سوريا، لكنها تتعرض اليوم للإهمال والتدهور. تهدف هذه الدراسة لتقييم فعالية المدرجات الحجرية المشادة لحفظ المياه والتربة في قرية السلاطة (30كم جنوب شرق محافظة اللاذقية) وذلك عبر تقدير الجريان السطحي والتربة المنجرفة بعد الهطل ومقارنتهما بين معاملتين على نفس المنحدر تمثل الأولى الشاهد (قطعة تجريبية لا تتضمن مدرج), وتمثل الثانية المدرجات (قطعتين متجاورتين تتضمن كل منهما مدرج). حيث تم إعداد ثلاث قطع تجريبية لهذا الغرض، مساحة كلٍ منها 50م2.
أظهرت النتائج انخفاض قيم معامل الجريان السطحي حوالي أربع أضعاف على الجزء من المنحدر المجهز بمدرج مقارنة بحالة "الشاهد", حيث بلغت قيمته المتوسطة خلال فترة الدراسة 7.2% للمدرج مقابل 27% للشاهد. كما تبيّنَ انخفاض كمية التربة المنجرفة خلال نفس الفترة من 79 طن/هكتار/السنة للشاهد إلى 5.2 طن/هكتار/السنة أسفل المدرج.
أثبتت الدراسة الدور الايجابي الهام للمدرجات في حفظ التربة والمياه ضمن الموقع, عبر اعتراض مياه الجريان السطحي والحد من الانجراف مما يوجب العمل على صيانتها والمحافظة عليها.
Terracing is one of the oldest means for saving water and soil in Syria. This study aims to evaluate the bench terraces efficiency in water and soil conservation in Salata Village (30 km southeast of Lattakia). For this purpose, runoff and soil erosion were estimated and compared between two treatments in one selected field, the first represent a part of slope without terrace "witness", the second represents terraces "two adjacent plots with terraces" Where three experimental plots, each one of 50 m2 were used for the measurement of surface runoff and sediment concentration.
The study showed low values of runoff coefficient on "terraces" treatment compared to the "witness", where its average value during the study period was 7.2% for "terraces", and 27% for the "witness". As it turns out the low rate of soil loss during the same period, from 79 t/ ha/year for the "witness" to 5.2 t/ ha/yeardown the "terraces".
The study confirmed the importance of terraces in water and soil conservation by limiting soil erosion and reducing surface runoff.
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