علاقة طريقة الحراثة برطوبة التربة وإنتاجية المحاصيل الحقلية*
Abstract
تعتبر رطوبة التربة عاملاً محدداً لإنبات المحاصيل الحقلية ونموها وكذلك لإنتاجها وخاصة في المناطق ذات الهطول المنخفض وفي حالة الزراعة البعلية، لذلك فإن كل مامن شأنه أن يحافظ على رطوبة التربة ويحسن من كفاءة استخدامها يعتبر أمراً في غاية الأهمية, خاصة وأن التغيرات المناخية للكرة الأرضية حالياً تتجه نحو الجفاف, ومن هنا ظهرت مدارس جديدة لتهيئة التربة منها نظام الحراثة المخفضة Minimum Tillage ونظام الحراثة الصفريةZero-Tillage أو نظام اللاحراثة No-Tillage أو ما يسمى حاليا الزراعة الحافظة
Conservation Tillage. والهدف الأساسي من استخدام هذه النظم المحافظة على التربة الزراعية من التعرية والانجراف وأيضاً التقليل من فقد ماء التربة وكفاءة استخدامها, وقد أثبتت الدراسات والأبحاث بان لنظام الحراثة تأثير ملحوظ على المخزون الرطوبي للتربة في موعد زراعة المحاصيل وخاصة في الأعوام الجافة, وأظهرت أن استخدام نظم الحراثة الصفرية أو الحراثة المخفضة يحافظ على رطوبة التربة مقارنة بالطريقة التقليدية للحراثة, حيث بلغ الفارق بالمدخر الرطوبي (بالمتوسط) في الطبقة الزراعية 0-30سم حوالي 5-10مم وهذا أثّر على نسبة الإنبات والنمو لاحقاً.
كما زادت كفاءة المياه في نظم الحراثة المخفضة حيث بلغ الاستهلاك المائي لإنتاج وحدة الإنتاج من القمح حوالي 966.1م3/طن حبوب في الحراثة التقليدية /حقول الذرة/ مقابل 896.7 م3/طن حبوب. كما زادت إنتاجية المحصول بالمتوسط لعدة سنوات بمقدار تراوح من 150-180 كغ/هـ في حقول القمح بعد البرسيم و وصل إلى 280 كغ/هـ, وفي حقول القمح بعد الذرة وبالمتوسط لـ 9سنوات في إحدى التجارب بلغ الفارق 530 كغ/هـ.
Soil moisture is considered a determining factor for germination and growth of field crops and thus for production, especially in areas with low precipitation, and in the case of rain fed agriculture. Therefore, all measures which would preserve the soil moisture and improve utilization efficiency are considered extremely important, especially that because of climate change, the Earth is currently moving towards drought. Hence, new approaches to prepare the soil have been introduced, such as Minimum Tillage System, Zero-Tillage system, and No-Tillage or what is now called the Conservation Tillage. The main objective of using these systems is to maintain the agricultural soil from erosion and runoff and also to reduce the loss of soil water and utilization of its efficiency. Research and studies have shown that the plowing system has a significant impact on the stock of soil moisture at the time of crop cultivation, especially in dry years. They also show that the use of Zero-Tillage, or, Minimum Tillage Systems preserves soil moisture compared to the traditional method of plowing, as the variance of saver moisture was on average in the 0-30 cm layer about 5-10 mm, and this affected the rate of germination and growth later.
Moreover, the efficiency of water in the minimum tillage systems has increased where the total water consumption for production of wheat production unit was about 966.1 m 3 / ton grain in the conventional tillage / maize fields / against 896.7 m 3 / ton grain. The average crop yield for several years has also increased by the range of 150-180 kg / ha in the fields of wheat after clover, and reached 280 kg / ha, and in wheat fields after corn, and the average for 9 years in one of the experiments the difference was
530 kg / ha.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and grant the right to publish in the magazine for the first time with the transfer of the commercial right to the Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series
Under a CC BY- NC-SA 04 license that allows others to share the work with of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors can use a copy of their articles in their scientific activity, and on their scientific websites, provided that the place of publication is indicted in Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series . The Readers have the right to send, print and subscribe to the initial version of the article, and the title of Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series Publisher
journal uses a CC BY-NC-SA license which mean
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.