المفهوم الفينومينولوجي للنظرية القصدية عند هسرل
Abstract
يحاول هذا البحث أن يبين أهمية الفينومينولوجيا "Phenomenology" كعلم كلي شامل ومنهج فلسفي وصفي جديد. ثم يحاول البحث أن يبين المشكلات الميتافيزيقية و الأنطولوجية المتعلقة بقصدية أفعال الشعور ومراتب و حالات المواضيع التي تتجه إليها الظواهر القصدية. كما يوضح البحث أنه بالنسبة لهسرل, أن كلمة "فعل" تطلق فقط على الظواهر العقلية القصدية, و بهذا يكون الفعل هو المكون الاختباري للحدث القصدي الخالي من كل الافتراضات المتعلقة بتشابكاته مع الطبيعة. أما فيما يتعلق بالمواضيع التي تتجه إليها الظواهر القصدية, فيؤكد البحث على وجود أنواع كثيرة و متعددة لمواضيع الأفعال بمقدار وجود أنواع من الكينونات. أما فيما يخص العلاقات القصدية, فقد يبين أن ما يجعل القصدية خاصية الشعور, هو أن هذه العلاقات هي ذات طابع خاص وفريد, تبدو كأنها شاذة ميتافيزيقياً وبعد هذا التوضيح لبعض المصطلحات التي تعتبر ركائز أساسية في النظرية القصدية يدخل البحث بنوع من التفصيل, موضحاً الاختلاف بين المضمون و الموضوع, و كذلك الاختلاف بين "النوئيما" و " النوئزيز" و دور كل منهما في إتمام الفعل القصدي.
The purpose of this article is to examine the metaphysical and ontological problems concerning the intentionality of acts of consciousness, the status of the objects toward which intentional phenomena are directed, and the characterization of the intentional relations. According to Husserl, an act is just what might be called experiential component of an intentional event, purified of presumptions concerning its interlacing with nature. With respect to the objects of acts, Husserl maintains that there are as many kinds of objects of acts as there are kinds of entities, which means, that not all acts intend objects of the same sort. We have tried to elaborate that Husserl takes the intentionality of an act to be a phenomenological features that the act has solely in virtue of its internal structure, or as Husserl sometimes says its intentional content or "Noeama".
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