تطبيق منهج تقييم دورة الحياة في معالجة النفايات البلدية الصلبة في مدينة اللاذقية
Abstract
تولّدُ مدينةُ اللاذقيّة ما يقارب 800 طن من النفايات البلديّة الصلبة يوميّاً. ويتمّ التخلُّص من النفايات الصلبة في مكبّ البصّة العشوائي دون جمع الرشاحة أو الغاز المتولِّد. لذلك تمّ استخدام منهجيّة تقييم دورة الحياةLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) لتحديد استراتيجيّة إدارة النفايات البلديّة الصلبة الأمثل. من أجل إيجاد السيناريو الأفضل بيئيّاً، تضمّنت الدراسة أوّلاً تحديد التركيب النوعي للنفايات البلديّة الصلبة في اللاذقيّة، ليتمّ استخدام نتائج هذه الخطوة كمصدرِ بياناتٍ موثوقٍ به في إنشاءِ صورةٍ كاملة للأداء البيئيّ لأنظمة إدارة النفايات البلديّة الصلبة من منظور دورة الحياة. تمّ اختيار الوحدة الوظيفيّة للدراسة بـ 1 طن من النفايات البلديّة الصلبة المتولِّدة في اللاذقيّة. وشملت حدود النظام معالجة النفايات والتخلُّص منها باستخدام عدة سيناريوهات وهي: التخلّص من النفايات في المكبّ العشوائي، أو بالطمر الصحّيّ مع استرداد الغاز المتولّد، أو بوجود منشأة فرز واسترداد المواد قبل الطمر الصحّيّ واسترداد الغاز. وجُمِعت البيانات لهذه السيناريوهات من دراسةٍ ميدانيّة أُجريت في اللاذقية، ومن المراجع وبيانات المكتبات الموجودة في برنامج SimaPro 8.3.0. وتمّ تقييم البيانات بمنهجية IMPACT 2002+ على فئات الضرر المتمثّلة بالتغيُّر المناخي وصحّة الإنسان وجودة النظام البيئي، واستنفاذ الموارد. ووفقاً للنتائج، تم التأكيد على أنّ مكبّات النفايات العشوائيّة هي أسوأ طُرُق التخلٌّص النهائي، وأظهرت عمليّة استرداد المواد أداءً أفضل مع الطمر الصحي والاستفادة من الغاز المتولِّد، إذ يُعتبَر السيناريو الثالث بمثابة حلٍّ نحو تحسين الاستدامة للتغلُّب على مشكلة إدارة النفايات الحاليّة.
Latakia is a Syrian city that generates approximately 800 tons per day of municipal solid waste MSW, and the final disposal of MSW is in Al-Bassa open dump with no biogas capturing or leachate collection systems. Thus, a life cycle assessment approach LCA was used to determine the optimal strategy of municipal solid waste management. to find the most eco-friendly scenario, first, the composition study of MSW was conducted in Latakia. The results of first step are to be utilized as a reliable data source in establishing a complete picture of the environmental performances of municipal solid waste management systems with a life cycle perspective. The functional unit of the study was selected as one ton of MSW generated in Latakia. System boundaries included treatment and disposal of MSW using different scenarios: the open dump of waste, sanitary landfilling with gas recovery, and a material recovery facility MRF combined with a sanitary landfill and gas recovery. Data on the process was gathered from a field study conducted in Latakia, and from SimaPro 8.3.0 literature and libraries. The data was evaluated with IMPACT 2002+ methodology and the assessed environmental impact categories were climate change, human health, ecosystem quality, and resources. According to the results, while open dumping has been confirmed as the worst waste final disposal method, landfilling with gas recovery and material recovery facility showed better performance and is considered as a solution towards improved sustainability to overcome the existing waste management problem.
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