ظاهرة التقديم والتأْخير في النحو العربي بين الأداء والموانع
Abstract
يبدأ البحث بتناول مبدأ الاختيار ومبدأ التوزيع، اللذين ينبني عليهما كلُّ خطابٍ لغويٍّ . ويحاول الوقوف على الصلة بين التقديم والتأْخير وبين الرُّتبة؛ التي هي مبدأ نحويٌّ لولاه لم يكن ثَمَّ تقديم ولا تأْخير.
فالتباين والتغاير بين الأداء النمطي والأداء الفنِّي يتَّضح بالوظيفة التوصيليَّة لكلٍّ منهما؛ فهي في الأداء النمطي متحقِّقة بمطابقة اللفظ للمعنى؛ دون العناية بالأبعاد الجماليَّة للتعبير، وأمَّا الأداء الفنِّي فإنَّه إضافةً إلى تحقيقه الوظيفة التوصيليّة؛ فهو يتطلَّع إلى تأْدية أبعادٍ فنِّيَّةٍ وقِيَمٍ جماليَّةٍ. فالتقديم والتأْخير من ظواهر الاتِّساع في العربيَّة؛ تتعين أغراضه بحسب العنصر المقدَّم وبحسب المقامات والأحوال .
ولهذا جاء العدول في الجملة العربية إمَّا بتقديم اللفظ على عامله؛ أو بتقديم الألفاظ بعضها على بعض؛ في غير العامل، والوظيفة لذلك تتلخَّص في العناية والاهتمام؛ وليس ذلك على إطلاقه؛ فهناك موانع تضبط هذه الظاهرة وتحدُّ من حرِّيَّتها، كلُّ ذلك لتأْدية المعنى على أكمل وجهٍ وفي أتمِّ صورةٍ .
This research deals with the concept of selection and distribution forming linguistic speech. It tries to show the relationship of preposition and postposition to word order, which is a syntactic principle without which neither would exist. The disparity can be shown by the connectivity function of each. In regard to typical performance, it is achieved by onomatopoeia regardless of the aesthetic dimensions of an expression. Concerning artistic performance, it aims at performing aesthetic and artistic dimensions in addition to achieving its connectivity function. Thus, we see deviation in Arabic sentences either in an utterance preceding its governor or in utterances preceding each other regardless of government; so this function can be reduced to care and interest. For meaning to be perfect and clear, constraints controlling this phenomenon and restricting its freedom have been implemented.
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